SULPHURIC  ACID 
HANDBOOK 


PUBLISHERS     OF     B  O  O  K.  S      F  O  K^ 

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SULPHURIC  ACID 
HANDBOOK 


BY 
THOMAS  J.  SULLIVAN 

WITH   THE    MINERAL   POINT   ZINC   COMPANY,    A   SUBSIDIARY 
OF  THE   NEW   JEB8EY   ZINC   COMPANY 


FIRST  EDITION 


McGRAW-HILL  BOOK  COMPANY,  INC, 

239  WEST  39TH  STREET.     NEW  YORK 


LONDON:  HILL  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD. 

6  &  8  BOUVERIE  ST.,  E.  C. 

1918 


COPYRIGHT,  1918,  BY  THE 
MCGRAW-HILL  BOOK  COMPANY,  INC. 


THK      MAPI.H!      I>  K  K   M   S      YORK     PA 


PREFACE 

As  sulphuric  acid  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  chemicals, 
being  an  intermediate  raw  product,  essential  in  most  manu- 
facturing processes,  I  think  the  appearance  of  this  handbook 
dealing  solely  with  sulphuric  acid  is  well  justified.  In  fact, 
in  almost  every  industry  some  sulphuric  acid  is  used  and  it 
has  been  asserted  that  the  consumption  of  sulphuric  acid  by 
any  nation  is  a  measure  of  its  degree  of  industrial  progress. 
This  is  certainly  not  strictly  correct,  but  sulphuric  acid  forms 
the  starting  point  of,  and  is  used  in  so  many  industries  that  there 
is  considerable  element  of  truth  in  this  statement.  A  few 
examples  showing  some  of  its  important  uses  follows : 

(a)  For  decomposing  salts  with  the  production  of  nitric  acid, 
hydrochloric  acid  and  sodium  sulphate,  thus  indirectly  in  the 
manufacture  of  soda  ash,  soap,  glass,  bleaching  powder,  etc. 

(6)  For  the  purification  of  most  kinds  of  oil,  including  petro- 
leum and  tar  oils. 

(c)  For  pickling  (i.e.,  cleaning)  iron  goods  previous  to  tinning 
or  galvanizing. 

(d)  As  a  drying  agent  in  the  production  of  organic  dyes,  on 
which  the  textile  industry  depends  to  a  large  extent. 

(e)  For    rendering    soluble    mineral    and    animal    phosphate 
(superphosphate)  for  manures;  thus   agriculture  absorbs  large 
amounts,     and     consequently    food     stuffs     are     affected     by 
fluctuations  in  the  supply  of  this  important  chemical. 

(/)  For  the  manufacture  of  nitric  acid  from  Chile  saltpetre: 
,  nitric  acid  and  sulphuric  acid  together  are  used  in  the  nitration 
of  organic  substances  such  as  glycerine  and  cellulose  forming 
nitro-glycerine  and  nitro-cellulose  mainly  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  explosives  now  in  great  demand.     So,   a  copious 


387487 


vi  PREFACE 

supply  of  sulphuric  acid  is  an  absolute  necessity  for  the  explosive 
industry  and  any  shortage  in  this  supply  would  mean  a  shortage 
of  explosives. 

Without  multiplying  examples  of  this  nature,  enough  has  been 
said  to  indicate  the  complexity  of  modern  industrial  conditions, 
the  interaction  of  one  industry  on  the  other,  and  finally  the 
often  obscure,  but  highly  important,  part  played  by  sulphuric 
acid  as  an  ultimate  and  absolutely  essential  raw  material  of 
these  industries. 

Owing  to  the  enormous  amount  of  literature  containing  data 
on  sulphuric  acid,  it  has  become  more  and  more  difficult  for  the 
busy  worker  to  gather  from  this  mass  of  literature,  the  facts 
which  are  of  practical  interest  and  use  to  him.  Much  valuable 
material  is  of  little  use  because  it  is  scattered  through  the  litera- 
ture and  is  therefore  inaccessible. 

The  publication  of  this  handbook  was  undertaken  as  an 
attempt  to  overcome  this  difficulty,  at  least  in  part.  The  scope 
has  been  limited  almost  entirely  to  numerical  data,  inasmuch 
as  such  data  cannot  generally  be  carried  in  mind,  but  must  be 
readily  accessible  for  use.  The  special  investigator  would 
probably  always  prefer  to  go  to  the  original  source  for  the  infor- 
mation he  wishes,  so,  to  republish  all  matter  of  this  kind  would 
be  unnecessary  and  impracticable.  The  attempt  has  been 
made  to  select  and  tabulate  only  that  which  is  of  fairly  general 
interest  and  utility  and  produce  a  convenient  reference  book 
of  numerical  data. 

In  collecting  the  tables  only  those  generally  adapted  to 
American  practice  have  been  selected.  When  specific  gravity 
is  given  in  terms  of  the  Baume  degrees,  the  so-called  American 
Standard  has  been  adhered  to.  Where  a  different  Baume 
scale  has  been  used  in  a  table,  the  figures  have  been  recalculated 
to  conform  to  the  American  Standard.  Almost  all  of  the  tables 
of  Bineau,  Kolb,  Otto,  Winkler,  Messel,  Knietsch,  Pickering, 
Lunge,  Isler,  Naef,  etc.,  have  been  omitted  as  they  have  long 
since  become  obsolete  as  far  as  being  of  practical  value  for  use 


PREFACE  vii 

in  general  American  practice.  All  molecular  weights  as 
well  as  the  factors  for  the  calculation  of  analytical  results  have 
been  calculated  from  the  International  Atomic  Weights  of  1917 
(1918).  The  molecular  weights  and  other  figures  have  been 
carried  out  further  beyond  the  decimal  point  than  is  necessary 
for  most  calculations. 

Great  care  and  pains  have  been  taken  to  secure  accuracy 
and  completeness  of  data.  All  figures  have  been  calculated 
several  times,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  errors  have  been  reduced 
to  the  minimum.  However,  errors  have  undoubtedly  crept  in, 
and  the  author  would  greatly  appreciate  notations  of  any  of 
these  which  may  come  to  the  reader's  attention,  with  a  view 
to  their  correction  in  later  reprints  or  editions  of  the  book. 

A  large  amount  of  time  and  labor  was  involved  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  these  tables,  inasmuch  as  it  was  necessary  to  collect 
data  from  many  widely  scattered  sources.  The  scope  of  the 
first  issue,  therefore,  is  rather  more  limited  than  originally 
planned,  but  if  the  demand  for  the  publication  justifies  it,  the 
scope  will  be  extended  in  future  issues. 

The  author  wishes  to  express  his  appreciation  to  the  many 
friends  who  assisted  in  checking  problems,  reading  the  manu- 
script and  proof,  and  giving  much  valuable  criticism  and 
advice. 

THOMAS  J.  SULLIVAN. 
DE  PUE,  ILL. 
March  1,  1918. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE    .'...• v 

INTERNATIONAL  ATOMIC  WEIGHTS xii 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 1 

Definition  of 1 

More  Common  Methods  of  Determining 1 

Corrections  to  be  Applied 

Conversion  of  Basis 3 

HYDROMETERS 5 

Types 

Classes 5 

Manipulation 5 

AMERICAN  STANDARD  BAUME  HYDROMETER 8 

Specific  Gravities  Corresponding  to  Degrees  Baume" 11 

Degrees  Baume"  Corresponding  to  Specific  Gravities 16 

TWADDLE  HYDROMETER 20 

Specific  Gravities  Corresponding  to  Degrees  Twaddle 21 

NOMENCLATURE  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 22 

FORMULAS  FOR  USE  IN  SULPHURIC  ACID  CALCULATIONS 24 

DESCRIPTION  OF  METHODS  EMPLOYED  IN  PREPARING  THE  TABLES  OF 
SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID,  NITRIC  ACID,  AND  HYDROCHLO- 
RIC ACID,  ADOPTED  BY  THE  MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS'  ASSOCIATION 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 27 

Nitric  Acid  Table 49 

Hydrochloric  Acid  Table 51 

Sulphuric  Acid  Table      54 

SULPHURIC  ACID  94-100  PER  CENT.  HjSO* 60 

SULPHURIC  ACID  0°BE.-100  PER  CENT  HzSO* 61 

SULPHURIC  ACID  50°-€2°  BE 68 

FUMING  SULPHURIC  Acm 71 

Per  Cent.  Free  SO3  as  Units      74 

Per  Cent.  Total  SO3  as  Units 76 

Equivalent  Per  Cent.  100  Per  Cent.  HzSO*  as  Units 79 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  TEST— SULPHURIC  ACID— 76.07-82.5  PER  CENT.  SOS  81 

ix 


x  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

SULPHURIC  ACID — PER  CENT  SO3  CORRESPONDING  TO  EVEN  PERCENT- 
AGES H2SO* 85 

SULPHURIC  ACID — PER  CENT  H2SO4  CORRESPONDING  TO  EVEN  PER- 
CENTAGES SO3 86 

ACID  CALCULATIONS,  USE  OF  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  TABLES,  ESTIMATING 

STOCKS,  ETC 80 

DILUTION  AND  CONCENTRATION  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  TO  FORM  SOLUTIONS 

OF  ANY  DESIRED  STRENGTH 89 

Table  for  Mixing  59°  Baum6 94 

Table  for  Mixing  60°  Baume" 95 

Table  for  Mixing  66°  Baume" 96 

FORMATION  OF  MIXTURES  OF  SULPHURIC  AND  NITRIC  ACIDS  OF  DEFINITE 

COMPOSITION  (SO-CALLED  MIXED  ACID) 96 

BOILING  POINTS — SULPHURIC  ACID 103 

MELTING  POINTS — SULPHURIC  ACID 103 

TENSION  OF  AQUEOUS  VAPOR — SULPHURIC  ACID 105 

STRENGTH  FOR  EQUILIBRIUM  WITH  ATMOSPHERIC  MOISTURE       ....    107 

PREPARATION  OF  THE  MONO-HYDRATE 108 

POUNDS  SULPHURIC  ACID  OBTAINABLE  FROM  100  POUNDS  SULPHUR  .  .  108 
POUNDS  SULPHURIC  ACID  OBTAINABLE  FROM  100  POUNDS  SO3  ....  109 
POUNDS  SULPHUR  REQUIRED  TO  MAKE  100  POUNDS  SULPHURIC  ACID  .  109 
THE  QUANTITATIVE  ESTIMATION  OF  SULPHUR  DIOXIDE  IN  BURNER  GAS  109 

TEST  FOR  TOTAL  ACIDS  IN  BURNER  GAS 113 

CALCULATING  THE  PERCENTAGE  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3  WHEN  THE 
SO2  IN  THE  BURNER  AND  EXIT  GASES  is  KNOWN — AS  USED  IN  THE 

CONTACT  PROCESS 113 

Table 115 

THEORETICAL  COMPOSITION   OF   DRY   GAS  FROM  THE   ROASTING   OF 

METALLIC  SULPHIDES 123 

THEORETICAL  COMPOSITION  OF  DRY  GAS  FROM  THE  COMBUSTION  OF  SUL- 
PHUR   124 

QUALITATIVE  TESTS — SULPHURIC  ACID 125 

Nitrogen  Acids — Selenium — Lead — Iron  and  Arsenic 

QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 126 

QUANTITATIVE  DETERMINATION  OF  LEAD,  IRON  AND  ZINC  IN  SULPHURIC 

ACID 139 

THE  ANALYSIS  OF  MIXED  ACID  AND  NITRATED  SULPHURIC  ACID   ....   140 

CALIBRATION  OF  STORAGE  TANKS  AND  TANK  CARS 148 

MATHEMATICAL    TABLE — CIRCUMFERENCE    AND    AREA    OF    CIRCLES, 

SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND  CUBE  ROOTS 155 

DECIMALS  OF  A  FOOT  FOR  EACH  ^4  INCH 173 


CONTENTS  xi 

PAGE 

DECIMALS  OF  AN  INCH  FOB  EACH  3^4 177 

BELTING  RULES 177 

ANTI-FREEZING  LIQUIDS  FOR  PRESSURE  AND  SUCTION  GAGES 178 

Table 179 

FLANGES  AND  FLANGED  FITTINGS 180 

Names  of  Fittings 182 

Templates  for  Drilling  Standard  and  Low  Pressure  Flanged  Valves 

and  Fittings 183 

General    Dimensions    of    Standard    Flanged    Fittings — Straight 

Sizes 184 

General  Dimensions  of  Standard  Reducing  Tees  and  Crosses  .    .    .186 

General  Dimensions  of  Standard  Reducing  Laterals .  4 187 

General  Dimensions  of  Extra  Heavy  Flanged  Fittings — Straight 

Sizes 188 

General  Dimensions  of  Extra  Heavy  Reducing  Tees  and  Crosses  .    .190 

General  Dimensions  of  Extra  Heavy  Reducing  Laterals 191 

Templates  for  Drilling  Extra  Heavy  Flanged  Valves  and  Fittings   .  192 

Weight  of  Cast-iron  Flanged  Fittings 193 

CAST-IRON  PIPE 194 

Nominal  Weight  of  Cast-iron  Pipe  Without  Flanges 194 

Standard  Cast-iron  Pipe — Standard  Dimensions 195 

WROUGHT  IRON  AND  STEEL  PIPE 197 

Standard  Wrought  Iron  and  Steel  Pipe 197 

Extra  Strong  Wrought  Iron  and  Steel  Pipe 199 

Double  Extra  Strong  Wrought  Iron  and  Steel  Pipe 200 

Standard  Outside  Diameter  (O.  D.)  Steel  Pipe 201 

SCREWED  FITTINGS 202 

Standard  Screwed  Fittings 202 

Extra  Heavy  Screwed  Fittings 203 

AMERICAN  BRIGGS  STANDARD  FOR  TAPER  AND  STRAIGHT  PIPE  AND  LOCK- 
NUT  THREADS 204 

LEAD  PIPE 206 

SHEET  LEAD 207 

STANDARD  9"  AND  9"  SERIES  BRICK  SHAPES 208 

FIBRE  ROPE  KNOTS  AND  HITCHES — AND  How  TO  MAKE  THEM    ....  210 

U.  S.  CUSTOMARY  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 213 

METRIC  MEASURES ; 214 

EQUIVALENTS   OF   METRIC   AND   CUSTOMARY    (U.   S.)    WEIGHTS   AND 

MEASURES 216 

COMPARISON  OF  THERMOMETRIC  SCALES 219 

Fahrenheit  degrees  as  units 219 


xii  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Centigrade  Degrees  as  Units 220 

WATER 221 

Density  and  Volume 

DENSITY  OF  SOLUTIONS  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 222 

TEMPERATURE  CORRECTIONS  TO  PER  CENT  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  DETER- 
MINED BY  THE  HYDROMETER 224 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 225 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 233 

INDEX  .   235 


INTERN  A  TIONAL 
INTERNATIONAL  ATOMIC  WEIGHTS,  1917 l 


Symbo 

Atomic 
weight 

Symbol 

Atomic 
weight 

Aluminum 

Al 

27.1 

Neodymium 

Nd 

144  3 

Antimony 

Sb 

120.2 

Neon  

Ne 

20  2 

Argon 

A 

39.88 

Nickel  

Ni 

58  68 

Arsenic 

As 

74.96 

Niton    (radium   em- 

Barium 

Ba 

137  37 

anation) 

Nt 

222  4 

Bismuth  

Bi 

208.0 

Nitrogen  

N 

14.01 

Boron 

B 

11  0 

Osmium.  . 

Os 

190  9 

Bromine 

Br 

79  92 

Oxvgen  

o 

16  00 

Cadmium 

Cd 

112.40 

Palladium  

Pd 

106  7 

Caesium  

Cs 

132.81 

Phosphorus  

P 

31  04 

Calcium  

Ca 

40.07 

Platinum  

Pt 

195.2 

Carbon 

c 

12  005 

Potassium 

K 

39  10 

Cerium 

Ce 

140  25 

Praseodymium 

Pr 

140  9 

Chlorine       .    . 

Cl 

35  46 

Radium  

Ra 

226  0 

Chromium  

Cr 

52  0 

Rhodium  

Rh 

102  9 

Cobalt  

Co 

58.97 

Rubidium  

Rb 

85  45 

Columbium  
Copper 

Cb 
Cu 

93.1 
63  57 

Ruthenium  
Samarium 

Ru 

Sa 

101.7 
150  4 

Dysprosium 

Dy 

162  5 

Scandium 

Sc 

44  1 

Erbium  
Europium  

Er 
Eu 

167.7 
152  0 

Selenium  
Silicon   

Se 
Si 

79.2 
28  3 

Fluorine  

F 

19.0 

Silver  

Ag 

107  88 

Gadolinium  

Gd 

157.3 

Sodium  

_T6 
Na 

23  00 

Gallium 

Ga 

69  9 

Strontium 

Sr 

87  63 

Germanium 

Ge 

72  5 

Sulphur 

s 

32  06 

Glucinum  .  . 

Gl 

9  1 

Tantalum  . 

Ta 

181  5 

Gold  

Au 

197  2 

Tellurium  

Te 

127  5 

Helium 

He 

4  00 

Terbium 

Tb 

159  2 

Holmium  

Ho 

163.5 

Thallium  

Tl 

204  0 

Hydrogen  .  .  . 

H 

1  008 

Thorium 

Th 

232  4 

Indium  

In 

114  8 

Thulium 

Tm 

168  5 

Iodine  

I 

126  92 

Tin         

Sn 

118  7 

Iridium 

Ir 

193  1 

Titanium 

Ti 

48  1 

Iron  

Fe 

55  84 

Tungsten   " 

W 

184  0 

Krypton  

Kr 

82  92 

Uranium 

u 

238  2 

Lanthanum  .  . 

La 

139  0 

Vanadium 

V 

51  0 

Lead  

Pb 

207  20 

Xenon 

Xe 

130  2 

Lithium  

Li 

6.94 

Ytterbium     (Neovt- 

Lutecium  .  .  

Lu 

175.0 

terbium)  !  .  .  . 

Yb 

173.5 

Magnesium  . 

Mg 

24  32 

Yttrium 

Yt 

88  7 

Manganese  

Mn 

54  93 

Zinc 

Zn 

65  37 

Mercury  

Hg 

200  6 

Zirconium  

Zr 

90.6 

Molybdenum  

Mo 

96.0 

1  On  account  of  the  difficulties  of  correspondence  between  its  members  due  to  the  war,  the 
International  Committee  on  Atomic  Weights  has  decided  to  make  no  full  report  for  1918. 
Although  a  good  number  of  new  determinations  have  been  published  during  the  past  year, 
none  of  them  seem  to  demand  any  immediate  change  in  the  table  for  1917.  That  table,  there- 
fore, may  stand  as  official  during  the  year  1918.— F.  W.  CLABK,  Chairman. 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 

Definition  of  the  Term  "Specific  Gravity  of  a  Liquid" 

The  density  of  a  liquid  is  defined  as  the  weight  of  a  unit  volume. 

The  specific  gravity,  or  the  synonymous  term,  relative  density, 
is  the  ratio  of  the  density  of  the  liquid  in  question,  referred  to  the 
density  of  some  substance  which  is  taken  as  unity.  The  standard 
substance  employed  is  water  at  its  maximum  density  (4°C.  or 
39.2°F.). 

More  Common  Methods  of  Determining  the  Specific  Gravity  of  Liquids 

1.  Pycnometer. — Here  we  have  vessels  of  unknown  volume, 
but  either  having  a  mark  on  the  neck,  or  having  glass  stopper 
with  a  capillary  hole.     Thus  the  pycnometers  are  made  to  hold 
constant  volumes.     Constant  temperature  is  obtained  by  the  aid 
of  a  bath  of  constant  temperature.     For  use  in  a  determination 
the  pycnometer  is  weighed  empty,  filled  with  water,  and  filled 
with  the  liquid  under  consideration.     The  weight  of  the  pycnom- 
eter full  of  water  minus  the  weight  of  the  empty  pycnometer  is 
equal  to  the  weight  of  the  water  it  will  hold.     This  weight,  com- 
pared to  the  weight  of  the  liquid  that  the  pycnometer  will  hold, 
gives  us  the  specific  gravity  of  the  liquid. 

2.  Mohr,  Westphal,  Sartorius,  Specific -gravity  Balances. — In 
the  balances  the  right-hand  half  of  the  beam  is  divided  into  ten 
equal  parts  from  the  fulcrum  to  the  point  of  suspension  at  the 
end  of  the  beam.     Suspended  from  this  end  of  the  beam  is  the 
plummet  while  a  weight  at  the  other  end  acts  as  a  counterbalance. 
When  the  plummet  is  immersed  in  water  at  4°C.,  the  equilibrium 
of  the  balance  is  destroyed  by  the  buoyancy  of  the  water.     To 
adjust  the  equilibrium,  a  weight  equal  to  this  force  and  in  grams 
equal  to  the  weight  of  the  volume  of  water  displaced  (which  is 
equal  to  the  volume  of  the  plummet)  is  hung  from  the  point  of 

1 


2  k.  ...    t  ^SULPHURIC  ACID  'HANDBOOK 


suspension.  This  weigKt  is  known  as  the  unit  weight  and  is 
called  a  rider.  Other  riders  weighing  respectively  0.1,  0.01,  0.001 
of  the  weight  of  this  rider  constitute  the  set  of  weights  used  with 
these  balances.  With  their  aid  the  density  of  a  liquid  can  be 
directly  read  off  from  the  balance  beam. 

3.  Hydrometers. — These  instruments  consist  of  a  spindle- 
shaped  float,  with  a  cylindrical  neck  containing  a  scale.  They 
are  weighted  at  their  lower  end,  thus  bringing  the  center  of 
gravity  very  far  down,  and  insuring  an  upright  position  when 
floating.  They  depend  upon  the  principle  that  a  body  will  sink 
in  a  liquid  until  enough  liquid  has  been  displaced,  so  that  the 
weight  of  the  displaced  liquid  equals  the  weight  of  the  body. 

The  weight  and  volume  are  so  adjusted,  that  the  instrument 
sinks  to  the  lower  mark  on  its  neck  in  the  heaviest  liquid  to  be 
tested  by  it,  and  to  the  highest  mark  on  its  neck  in  the  lightest 
liquid  to  be  tested  by  it.  As  the  density  of  a  liquid  changes  with 
the  temperature,  the  liquid  should  always  be  at  the  temperature 
at  which  the  hydrometer  was  calibrated  or  proper  correction 
made. 

Corrections  to  be  Applied  in  Specific  Gravity  Determinations 
To  obtain  the  true  specific  gravity  of  substances,  their  densities 
at  4°C.,  and  in  vacua,  must  be  compared  with  the  density  of 
water  at  4°C.,  in  vacuo. 

For  technical  use,  specific  gravity  is  frequently  determined  at 
any  convenient  temperature,  and  referred  to  water,  of  either 
that  same  temperature,  or  to  water  at  4°C.,  the  weight  in  air 
being  taken  as  a  basis. 

In  purely  scientific  calculations,  water  is  taken  as  standard  at 
4°C.,  while  in  commercial  laboratories  the  standard  is  often  in 
the  neighborhood  of  15.56°C.?  consequently  specific  gravities 
determined  by  these  standards  do  not  agree.  As  the  tempera- 
ture of  water  increases  from  4°C.,  it  expands.  The  weight  being 
constant,  with  increase  of  volume,  the  density  is  lowered.  In 
the  case  of  water  this  increase  of  volume  with  rise  of  temperature 
is  not  uniform,  but  has  been  determined  with  great  care.  Know- 
ing the  relative  density  of  water  at  various  temperatures,  the 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  3 

volume  of  a  gram  is  obtained  by  taking  the  reciprocal  of  the  dens- 
ity. The  expansion  of  liquids  being  appreciable,  conditions 
should  always  be  given  with  the  specific  gravities. 

15° 
Thus  jgbC.  after  the  specific  gravity  figure,  means  that  the 

temperature  of  the  substance  was  15°C.  at  the  time  of  the  deter- 
mination and  that  the  unit  volume  of  it  was  compared  with  the 

15° 
weight  of  a  unit  volume  of  water  at  15°C.     Similarly  -jo-C.  after 

the  specific-gravity  figure,  means  that  here  the  comparison  is 
made  with  the  weight  of  a  unit  volume  of  substance  at  15°C. 
compared  with  the  weight  of  a  unit  volume  of  water  at  4°C. 
CONVERSION  OF  DENSITY  BASIS1 

Prepared  for  use  in  reducing  readings  of  a  hydrometer  graduated  to  indi- 
cate density  or  specific  gravity  at  a  specified  standard  temperature,  7\ 
referred  to  water  at  a  specified  temperature,  T',  as  unity,  to  the  basis  of 
another  standard  temperature,  /,  and  reference  temperature,  t'. 

The  factor  A  (given  in  units  of  the  sixth  decimal  place),  multiplied  by  the 
density  or  specific-gravity  reading,  gives  the  correction  to  be  applied  to  the 
reading  to  reduce  it  to  the  required  basis. 

20° 
Suppose  a  hydrometer  indicates  specific  gravity  at  -jo"C.,  and  it  is  required 

to  know  the  correction  in  order  that  it  shall  indicate  specific  gravity  at 
15.56V    ,,, 
15.56°^''  t] 

That  is,  if  the  hydrometer  indicates  correctly  a  specific  gravity  of  1.5760  at 

20°  15  56° 

-r^-,  then  at      '     0  the  reading  of  the  instrument  will  be  too  low  by  1.5760  X 

0.001062  =0.0017.  A  correction  of  0.0017  must,  therefore,  be  added  to  the 
indication  of  the  hydrometer. 

"I  f\  £\A° 

Or,  if  a  maker  using  standards  indicating  D     '       C.  wishes  to  graduate  a 

lo.oo 

(\f\ 

hydrometer  to  indicate  density  at  20°C.  referred  to  water  at  4°C.  (D^-),  the 
readings  of  the  standard  must  be  corrected  by  use  of  the  factor  +0.001062. 

Suppose  the  standard  reads 1 . 5760 

The  corresponding  correction  is  1.6  X  0.001062  =.. .  +0.0017 

Corrected  reading ;  . .  . 1 . 5777 

The  table  is  calculated  for  Jena  16m  glass. 

1  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards,  Circular  No.  19,  5th  edition,  March 
30,  1916,  p.  40. 

NOTE  :  The  Bureau  of  Standards  for  the  sake  of  uniformity,  use  the  same 
abbreviation,  D,  with  proper  temperature  basis,  for  both  density  and  specific 
gravity. 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

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HYDROMETERS  5 

HYDROMETERS 

There  are  two  types  of  hydrometers,  namely,  hydrometers 
proper,  and  hydrometers  which  are  combined  with  thermometers, 
called  thermo-hydrometers. 

There  are  four  classes  of  hydrometers : 

1.  Density   hydrometers,   indicating   density   of   a   specified 
liquid,  at  a  specified  temperature,  in  specified  units. 

2.  Specific -gravity  hydrometers,  indicating  the  specific  gravity 
or  relative  density  of  a  specified  liquid,  at  a  specified  temperature, 
in  terms  of  water  at  a  specified  temperature  as  unity. 

3.  Per  cent,  hydrometers,  indicating,  at  a  specified  tempera- 
ture, the  percentage  of  a  substance  in  a  mixture  or  solution. 

4.  Aibitrary  scale  hydrometers,  concentration  or  strength  of 
a  specified  liquid  referred  to  an  arbitrarily  defined  scale  at  a 
specified  temperature  (Baum6  hydrometer,  Twaddle  hydrometer, 
etc.). 

Manipulation  of  Hydrometers1 

Hydrometers  are  seldom  used  for  the  greatest  accuracy,  as  the 
usual  conditions  under  which  they  are  used  preclude  such  special 
manipulation  and  exact  observation  as  are  necessary  to  obtain 
high  precision.  It  is,  nevertheless,  important  that  they  be 
accurately  graduated  to  avoid  as  far  as  possible,  the  use  of  in- 
strumental corrections,  and  to  obtain  this  result  it  is  necessary  to 
employ  certain  precautions  and  methods  in  standardizing  these 
instruments. 

The  methods  of  manipulation  described  below  are,  in  general, 
the  ones  employed  at  this  Bureau  in  testing  hydrometers  and 
should  be  followed  by  the  maker  or  user  to  a  degree  depending 
on  the  accuracy  required. 

Observing. — The  hydrometer  should  be  clean,  dry,  and  at  the 
temperature  of  the  liquid  before  immersing  to  make  a  reading. 

The  liquid  in  which  the  observation  is  made  should  be  con- 
tained in  a  clear,  smooth  glass  vessel  of  suitable  size  and  shape. 

1  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards,  Circular  No.  16,  4th  edition,  Feb.  23,  1916. 


a 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


By  means  of  the  stirrer  which  reaches  to  the  bottom  of  the 
vessel,  the  liquid  should  be  thoroughly  mixed. 

The  hydrometer  is  slowly  immersed  in  the  liquid  slightly  be- 
yond the  point  where  it  floats  naturally  and  then  allowed  to 
float  freely. 

The  scale  reading  should  not  be  made  until  the  liquid  and 
hydrometer  are  free  from  air  bubbles  and  at  rest. 

In  reading  the  hydrometer  scale  the  eye  is  placed  slightly  be- 
low the  plane  of  the  surface  of  the  test  liquid;  it  is  raised  slowly 
until  the  surface,  seen  as  an  ellipse,  becomes  a  straight  line.  The 
point  where  this  line  cuts  the  hydrometer  scale  should  be  taken 
as  the  reading  of  the  hydrometer. 

In  reading  the  thermometer  scale,  errors  of  parallax  are  avoided 
by  so  placing  the  eye  that  near  the  end  of  the  mercury  column 
the  portions  on  either  side  of  the  stem  and  that  seen  through  the 
capillary  appear  to  lie  in  a  straight  line.  The  line  of  sight  is 
then  normal  to  the  stem. 

NOTE  :  According  to  the  Bureau  of  Standards,  then,  the  point  A  (see  figure 
below)  not  the  point  B  is  the  one  to  be  noted  as  the  reading. 

Influence     of     Temperature.  —  In 

order  that  a  hydrometer  may  cor- 
rectly indicate  the  density  or  strength 
of  a  specified  liquid,  it  is  essential 
that  the  liquid  be  uniform  through- 
out and  at  the  standard  temperature. 
To  insure  uniformity  in  the  liquid, 
stirring  is  required  shortly  before 
making  the  observation.  This  stir- 
ring should  be  complete  and  may  be 

well  accomplished  by  a  perforated  disk  or  spiral  at  the  end  of  a 
rod  long  enough  to  reach  the  bottom  of  the  vessel.  Motion  of 
this  stirrer  from  top  to  bottom  serves  to  disperse  layers  of  the 
liquid  of  different  density. 

The  liquid  should  be  at  nearly  the  temperature  of  the  surround- 
ing atmosphere;  as  otherwise  its  temperature  will  be  changing 


HYDROMETERS  7 

during  the  observation,  causing  not  only  differences  in  density 
but  also  doubt  as  to  the  actual  temperature.  When  the  tem- 
perature at  which  the  hydrometer  is  observed  differs  from  the 
standard  temperature  of  the  instrument,  the  reading  is  not  truly 
the  density  according  to  the  basis  of  the  instrument  or  the  quality 
of  the  liquid  according  to  per  cent,  or  arbitrary  scale,  but  a  figure 
which  differs  from  the  normal  reading  by  an  amount  depending 
on  the  difference  in  temperature  and  on  the  relative  thermal  ex- 
pansions of  the  instrument  and  the  particular  liquid. 

If  the  latter  properties  are  known,  tables  of  corrections  for 
temperature  may  be  prepared  for  use  with  hydrometers  at 
various  temperatures.  Such  tables  should  be  used  with  caution 
and  only  for  approximate  results  when  the  temperature  differs 
much  from  the  standard  temperature  or  from  the  temperature 
of  the  surrounding  air. 

Influence  of  Surface  Tension. — Surface-tension  effects  on  hy- 
drometer observations  are  a  consequence  of  the  downward  force 
exerted  on  the  stem  by  the  curved  surface  or  meniscus,  which 
rises  about  the  stem,  and  affects  the  depth  of  immersion  and 
consequent  scale  reading. 

Because  a  hydrometer  will  indicate  differently  in  two  liquids 
having  the  same  density  but  different  surface  tension,  and  since 
surface  tension  is  a  specific  property  of  liquids,  it  is  necessary  to 
specify  the  liquid  for  which  a  hydrometer  is  intended. 

Although  hydrometers  of  equivalent  dimensions  may  be  com- 
pared, without  error,  in  a  liquid  differing  in  surface  tension  from 
the  specified  liquid,  comparisons  of  dissimilar  instruments  in  such 
a  liquid  must  be  corrected  for  the  effect  of  the  surface  tension. 

In  many  liquids  spontaneous  changes  in  surface  tension  occur 
due  to  the  formation  of  surface  films  of  impurities,  which  may 
come  from  the  apparatus,  the  liquid,  or  the  air. 

Errors  from  this  cause  are  avoided  either  by  the  use  of  liquids 
not  subject  to  such  changes,  which,  however,  require  correction 
of  the  results  by  calculation,  or  by  the  purification  of  the  surface 
by  overflowing  immediately  before  making  the  observation. 


8  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

This  latter  method  is  employed  at  this  Bureau  for  testing  hydrom- 
eters in  sulphuric-acid  solutions  and  alcohol  solutions,  and  is 
accomplished  by  causing  the  liquid  to  overflow  from  the  part  of 
the  apparatus  in  which  the  hydrometer  is  immersed  by  a  small 
rapidly  rotating  propeller  which  serves  also  to  stir  the  liquid. 

Cleanliness. — The  accuracy  of  hydrometer  observations  de- 
pends, in  many  cases,  upon  the  cleanliness  of  the  instruments  and 
of  the  liquids  in  which  the  observations  are  made. 

In  order  that  readings  shall  be  uniform  and  reproducible,  the 
surface  of  the  hydrometers,  and  especially  of  the  stem,  must  be 
clean,  so  that  the  liquid  will  rise  uniformly  and  merge  into  an 
imperceptible  film  on  the  stem. 

The  readiness  with  which  this  condition  is  fulfilled  depends 
somewhat  upon  the  character  of  the  liquid,  certain  liquids,  such 
as  mineral  oils  and  strong  alcoholic  mixture,  adhere  to  the  stem 
very  readily,  while  with  weak  aqueous  solutions  of  sugar,  salts, 
acids,  and  alcohol,  scrupulous  cleaning  of  the  stem  is  required 
in  order  to  secure  the  normal  condition. 

Before  being  tested,  hydrometers  are  thoroughly  washed  in 
soap  and  water,  rinsed,  and  dried  by  wiping  with  a  clean  linen 
cloth. 

If  to  be  used  in  aqueous  solutions  which  do  not  adhere  readily, 
the  stems  are  dipped  into  strong  alcohol  and  immediately  wiped 
dry  with  a  soft,  clean,  linen  cloth. 

AMERICAN  STANDARD  BAUME  HYDROMETER 

(Liquids  Heavier  than  Water) 

The  Manufacturing  Chemists'  Association  of  the  United  States 
and  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards  have  adopted  a 
Baume  scale  based  on  the  following  relation  to  specific  gravity: 

Degrees  Baume  =  145  -  ~~fiO° — 

Specific  gravity  at  T^F. 

or 

a       .<.  .,       ,60°,,  145 

Specific  gravity  at  TT^F.   =  — — -3 —      — = -, 

60  145  —  degrees  Baum6 


BAUME  HYDROMETERS  9 

The  following  history  of  the  Baume  scale  is  taken  from  Circular 
No.  59  issued  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards,  April  5, 
1916: 

"The  relation  between  specific  gravity  and  Baume*  degrees  represented  by 
the  formulas  given  was  adopted  by  this  Bureau  in  1904,  when  it  first  took  up 
the  question  of  testing  hydrometers.  At  that  time  every  important  manu- 
facturer of  Baume  hydrometers  in  the  United  States  was  using  this  relation 
as  the  basis  of  these  instruments,  or  at  least  such  was  their  claim. 

"The  origin  and  early  history  of  the  Baume"  scales  has  been  admirably 
treated  by  Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler  in  a  paper  read  before  the  National  Academy 
of  Sciences  at  Philadelphia  in  1881.  As  this  paper  may  not  be  readily 
available  to  some  who  are  interested  in  the  matter,  it  may  be  well  to  include 
here  a  part  of  the  material  prepared  by  Prof.  Chandler. 

"The  Baume  scale  was  first  proposed  and  used  by  Antoine  Baume", 
a  French  chemist,  in  1768,  and  from  this  beginning  have  come  different 
Baume  scales  that  have  been  prepared  since  that  time.  The  directions 
given  by  Baume  for  reproducing  his  scale  were  first  published  in  L'Avant  in 
1768,  and  though  simple,  are  not  specific,  and  the  conditions  assumed  are  not 
easily  reproducible.  It  is  not  strange,  therefore,  that  differences  soon  ap- 
peared between  the  Baum6  scales  as  set  up  by  different  observers.  That 
this  divergence  did  actually  occur  is  well  shown  by  the  large  number  of 
Baume"  scales  that  have  been  used.  Prof.  Chandler  found  23  different 
scales  for  liquids  heavier  than  water. 

"  Baum6's  directions  for  setting  up  his  scale  state  that  for  the  hydrometer 
scale  for  liquids  heavier  than  water  he  used  a  solution  of  sodium  chloride 
(common  table  salt)  containing  15  parts  of  salt  by  weight  in  85  parts  of 
water  by  weight.  He  described  the  salt  as  being  'very  pure'  and  'very  dry' 
and  states  that  the  experiments  were  carried  out  in  a  cellar  in  which  the 
temperature  was  10°  Reaumur,  equivalent  to  12.5°C.  or  54.5°F. 

"The  point  to  which  the  hydrometer  sank  in  the  15  per  cent,  salt  solu- 
tion was  marked  15°,  and  the  point  to  which  it  sank  in  distilled  water  at  the 
same  temperature  was  marked  0°.  The  space  between  these  two  points 
was  divided  into  15  equal  parts  or  degrees,  and  divisions  of  the  same  length 
were  extended  beyond  the  15°  point. 

"Other  makers  of  Baume"  hydrometers  soon  began  to  deviate  from  the  pro- 
cedure outlined  by  Baume",  the  deviations  being,  no  doubt,  partly  accidental 
and  partly  intentional,  and  in  course  of  time,  as  already  pointed  out,  many 
different  Baume"  scales  were  in  use. 

"This  condition  of  affairs  led  to  great  confusion  in  the  use  of  the 
Baum6  scale. 


10  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

"  From  a  consideration  of  the  variations  that  occurred  it  was  soon  evident 
that  some  means  of  denning  and  reproducing  the  scale  more  exactly  than 
could  be  done  by  the  simple  rules  given  by  Baume  should,  if  possible,  be 
found.  This  means  was  readily  provided  by  assuming  that  a  fixed  relation 
should  exist  between  the  Baume  scale  and  the  specific-gravity  scale  at  some 
definite  temperature,  and  in  terms  of  some  definite  unit.  When  this  relation 
is  expressed  in  mathematical  terms  in  the  form  of  an  equation,  then  the 
Baume"  scale  is  fixed  beyond  all  questions  of  doubt.  At  the  present  time  all 
Baume'  scales  in  use  are  based  on  such  an  assumed  relation,  and  the  differ- 
ences existing  between  them  arise  from  differences  in  the  assumed  relation 
or  'modulus'  on  which  the  various  scales  are  based,  and  the  standard  tem- 
perature at  which  the  instruments  are  intended  to  be  correct. 

"If  a  definite  modulus  is  adopted,  then  the  degrees  Baume*  corresponding 
to  any  given  specific  gravity,  or  the  specific  gravity  corresponding  to  any 
given  degree  Baume  may  be  calculated;  or  if  the  specific  gravity  and 
corresponding  degree  Baume  at  any  point  of  the  scale  are  known,  then  the 
modulus  can  be  determined  and  the  complete  Baume  scale  calculated  from 
this  single  point. 

Let  s  =  specific  gravity. 

d  =  degrees  Baume". 
ra  =  modulus. 

Then  for  liquids  heavier  than  water: 


-d 
m 


s  -  1 

"At  the  time  the  Bureau  of  Standards  was  contemplating  taking  up  the 
work  of  standardizing  hydrometers  (1904).  diligent  inquiry  was  made  of  the 
more  important  American  manufacturers  of  hydrometers  as  to  the  Baume 
scales  used  by  them.  Without  exception  they  replied  that  they  were  using 
the  modulus  145  for  liquids  heavier  than  water.  This  scale,  the  "American 
Standard,"  was  therefore  adopted  by  the  Bureau  of  Standards  and  has 
been  in  use  ever  since. 

"There  having  been  no  objection  or  protest  from  any  manufacturer  or 
user  of  Baume  hydrometers  at  the  time  the  scale  was  adopted  by  the  Bureau, 
it  was  assumed  that  they  were  entirely  satisfactory  to  the  American  trade 
and  were  in  universal  use." 


BAUME  HYDROMETERS 


11 


60°       /15  56° 
SPECIFIC   GRAVITIES   AT      bF.   t'toC.     CORRESPONDING  TO   DEGREES 


BAUME 

(American  Standard) 
145 


Degrees  Baum<§   =  145  -  g — g.fic    ravit    for  Liquids  Heavier  than  Water 


Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baum£  - 

Specific 
gravity 

0.0 

1.0000 

.1 

.0218 

.2 

1.0447 

.3 

.0685 

.1 

1.0007 

.2 

.0226 

.3 

1.0454 

.4 

.0693 

.2 

.0014 

.3 

.0233 

.4 

1.0462 

.5 

.0701 

.3 

.0021 

.4 

.0240 

.5 

1.0469 

.6 

.0709 

.4 

.0028 

.5 

.0247 

.6 

1.0477 

.7 

.0717 

.5 

.0035 

.6 

.0255 

.7 

1.0484 

.8 

.0725 

.6 

.0042 

.7 

.0262 

.8 

1.0492 

.9 

.0733 

.7 

.0049 

.8 

.0269 

.9 

1.0500 

10.0 

.0741 

.8 

.0055 

.9 

.0276 

7.0 

1  .  0507 

.1 

.0749 

.9 

.0062 

4.0 

.0284 

.1 

1.0515 

.2 

0757 

1.0 

.0069 

.1 

.0291 

.2 

1.0522 

.3 

.076£ 

.1 

.0076 

.2 

.0298 

.3 

1.0530 

.4 

.0773 

.2 

.0083 

.3 

.0306 

.4 

1.0538 

.5 

.0781 

.3 

.0090 

.4 

.0313 

.5 

1.0545 

.6 

1.0789 

.4 

.0097 

.5 

.0320 

.6 

1.0553 

.7 

1.0797 

.5 

.0105 

.6 

.0328 

.7 

1.0561 

.8 

1.0805 

.6 

.0112 

.7 

.0335 

.8 

1  .  0569 

.9 

1.0813 

.7 

.0119 

.8 

.0342 

.9 

1.0576 

11.0 

.0821 

.8 

.0126 

.9 

.0350 

8.0 

1.0584 

.1 

.0829 

.9 

.0133 

5.0 

.0357 

.1 

1  .  0592 

.2 

.0837 

2.0 

.0140 

.1 

.0365 

.2 

1.0599 

.3 

.0845 

.1 

.0147 

.2 

.0372 

.3 

1.0607 

.4 

.0853 

.2 

.0154 

.3 

.0379 

.4 

1.0615 

.5 

.0861 

.3 

.0161 

.4 

.0387 

.5 

1.0623 

.6 

.0870 

.4 

1.0168 

.5 

.0394 

.6 

1.0630 

.7 

.0878 

.5 

1.0175 

.6 

.0402 

.7 

1.0638 

.8 

.0886 

.6 

1.0183 

.7 

.0409 

.8 

1.0646 

.9 

.0894 

.7 

1.0190 

.8 

.0417 

.9 

1.0654 

12.0 

.0902 

.8 

1.0197 

.9 

.0424 

9.0 

1.0662 

.1 

.0910 

.9 

1.0204 

6.0 

.0432 

.1 

1.0670 

.2 

.0919 

3.0 

1.0211 

.1 

.0439 

.2 

1.0677 

.3 

.0927 

SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES  AT  -^r0F.   [^   '  noC. )  CORRESPONDING  TO 
60         \15.5o      / 

DEGREES  BAUME — (Continued) 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

.4 

1.0935 

16.0 

1  .  1240 

.6 

1.1563 

.2 

.1905 

.5 

1.0943 

.1 

1  .  1249 

.7 

1.1572 

.3 

.1915 

.6 

1.0952 

.2 

1  .  1258 

.8 

1  .  1581 

.4 

.1924 

.7 

1.0960 

.3 

1  .  1267 

.9 

1.1591 

.5 

.1934 

.8 

1.0968 

.4 

1  .  1275 

20.0 

1.1600 

.6 

.1944 

.9 

1  .  0977 

.5 

1.1284 

.1 

.1609 

.7 

1.1954 

13.0 

1  .  0985 

.6 

1  .  1293 

.2 

.1619 

.8 

1.1964 

.1 

1.0993 

.7 

1.1302 

.3 

.1628 

.9 

1  .  1974 

.  .2. 

1.1002 

.8 

1.1310 

.4 

.1637 

24.0 

1  .  1983 

.3 

1.1010 

.9 

1.1319 

.5 

.1647 

.1 

1  .  1993 

.4 

1.1018 

17.0 

1  .  1328 

.6 

.1656 

.2 

.2003 

.5 

1.1027 

.1 

1  .  1337 

.7 

.1665 

.3 

.2013 

.6 

1  .  1035 

.2 

1  .  1346 

.8 

1.1675 

.4 

.2023 

.7 

1  .  1043 

.3 

1  .  1355 

.9 

1.1684 

.5 

.2033 

.8 

1.1052 

.4 

1.1364 

21.0 

1.1694 

.6 

.2043 

.9 

1.1060 

.5 

1  .  1373 

.1 

1  .  1703 

.7 

1.2053 

14.0 

1.1069 

.6 

.1381 

.2 

1.1712 

.8 

1.2063 

.1 

1.1077 

.7 

.1390 

.3 

1  .  1722 

.9 

1.2073 

.2 

1.1086 

.8 

.1399 

.4 

1.1731 

25.0 

1.2083 

.3 

1.1094 

.9 

.1408 

.5 

.1741 

.1 

1.2093 

.4 

1.1103 

18.0 

.1417 

.6 

.1750 

.2 

1.2104 

.5 

1.1111 

.1 

.1426 

.7 

.1760 

.3 

1.2114 

.6 

1.1120 

.2 

.1435 

.8 

.1769 

.4 

1.2124 

.7 

1.1128 

.3 

1  .  1444 

.9 

.1779 

.5 

1.2134 

.8 

1.1137 

.4 

1  .  1453 

22.0 

.1789 

.6 

1.2144 

.9 

1.1145 

.     .5 

1  .  1462 

.1 

.1798 

.7 

1.2154 

15.0 

1.1154 

.6 

1.1472 

.2 

.1808 

.8 

1.2164 

.1 

1.1162 

.7 

1.1481 

.3 

1.1817 

.9 

1.2175 

.2 

1.1171 

.8 

1  .  1490 

.4 

1.1827 

26.0 

1.2185 

.3 

1.1180 

.9 

1  .  1499 

.5 

1  .  1837 

.1 

1.2195 

.4 

1.1188 

19.0 

1.1508 

.6 

1.1846 

.2 

1.2205 

.5 

1.1197 

.1 

1.1517 

.7 

1  .  1856 

.3 

1.2216 

.6 

1.1206 

.2 

1  .  1526 

.8 

1  .  1866 

.4 

1.2226 

.7 

1.1214 

.3 

1.1535 

.9 

1  .  1876 

.5 

1  .  2236 

.8 

1.1223 

.4 

1.1545 

23.0 

1.1885 

.6 

1.2247 

.9 

1  .  1232 

.5 

1.1554 

.1 

1  .  1895 

.7 

1  .  2257 

BAUME  HYDROMETERS 


13 


60°       /15  56°     \ 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES  AT  HT^>^-  ( i  g  c^oG-  )  CORRESPONDING  TO 
oU        \lo.oo       / 

DEGREES  BAUME — (Continued) 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

.8 

1.2267 

.4 

1.2653 

34.0 

1.3063 

.6 

1.3501 

.9 

.2278 

.5 

1.2664 

.1 

1.3075 

.7 

1.3514 

27.0 

.2288 

.6 

1  .  2675 

.2 

1  .  3087 

.8 

1.3526 

.1 

.2299 

.7 

1.2686 

.3 

1.3098 

.9 

1.3539 

.2 

.2309 

.8 

1.2697 

.4 

1.3110 

38.0 

1  .  3551 

.3 

.2319 

.9 

1  .  2708 

.5 

1.3122 

.1 

1.3564 

.4 

.2330 

31.0 

1.2719 

.6 

1.3134 

.2 

1.3577 

.5 

.2340 

.1 

1.2730 

.7 

1.3146 

.3 

1.3590 

.6 

.2351 

.2 

1  .  2742 

.8 

1.3158 

.4 

1.3602 

.7 

.2361 

.3 

1.2753 

.9 

1.3170 

.5 

.3615 

.8 

.2372 

.4 

1.2764 

35.0 

.3182 

.6 

.3628 

.9 

.2383 

.5 

1  .  2775 

.1 

.3194 

.7 

.3641 

28.0 

.2393 

.6 

1.2787 

.2 

.3206 

.8 

.3653 

.1 

.2404 

.7 

1  .  2798 

.3 

.3218 

.9 

.3666 

.2 

.2414 

.8 

1.2809 

.4 

.3230 

39.0 

.3679 

.3 

.2425 

.9 

1.2821 

.5 

.3242 

.1 

.3692 

.4 

.2436 

32.0 

1  .  2832 

.6 

.3254 

.2 

.3705 

.5 

.2446 

.1 

1.2843 

.7 

.3266 

.3 

.3718 

.6 

.2457 

.2 

1.2855 

.8 

.3278 

.4 

1.3731 

.7 

.2468 

.3 

1.2866 

.9 

1.3291 

.5 

1.3744 

.8 

.2478 

.4 

1.2877 

36.0 

1.3303 

.6 

1.3757 

.9 

.2489 

.5 

1.2889 

.1 

1.3315 

.7 

1.3770 

29.0 

.2500 

.6 

1.2900 

.2 

1  .  3327 

.8 

1.3783 

.1 

1.2511 

.7 

1.2912 

.3 

1.3329 

.9 

1.3796 

.2 

1.2522 

.8 

1.2923 

.4 

1.3352 

40.0 

1.3810 

.3 

1.2532 

.9 

1  .  2935 

.5 

1.3364 

.1 

1.3823 

.4 

1.2543 

33.0 

1.2946 

.6 

1.3376 

.2 

1.3836 

.5 

1.2554 

.1 

1.2958 

.7 

1.3389 

.3 

1.3849 

.6 

1.2565 

.2 

1  .  2970 

.8 

1.3401 

.4 

.3862 

.7 

1.2576 

.3 

1.2981 

.9 

.3414 

.5 

.3876 

.8 

.2587 

.4 

1.2993 

37.0 

.3426 

.6 

.3889 

.9 

.2598 

.5 

1.3004 

.1 

.3438 

.7 

.3902 

30.0 

.2609 

.6 

1.3016 

.2 

.3451 

.8 

.3916 

.1 

.2620 

.7 

1.3028 

.3 

.3463 

.9 

.3929 

.2 

.2631 

.8 

1.3040 

.4 

.3476 

41.0 

.3942 

.3 

.2642 

.9 

1.3051 

.5 

.3488 

.1 

.3956 

14  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES  AT  ^^F.   (..  F'g/,0C.  )  CORRESPONDING  TO 
oO         \15.5o       / 

DEGREES  BAUME — (Continued) 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

.2 

1.3969 

.8 

1.4471 

.4 

.5010 

52.0 

1.5591 

.3 

1  .  3983 

.9 

1  .  4486 

.5 

.5026 

.1 

1.5608 

.4 

1.3996 

45.0 

1.4500 

.6 

.5041 

.2 

1.5625 

.5 

1.4010 

.1 

1.4515 

.7 

.5057 

.3 

1.5642 

.6 

1.4023 

.2 

1.4529 

.8 

.5073 

.4 

1  .  5659 

.7 

1.4037 

.3 

1.4544 

.9 

.5088 

.5 

1  .  5676 

.8 

.4050 

.4 

1.4558 

49.0 

1.5104 

.6 

1.5693 

.9 

.4064 

.5 

.4573 

.1 

1.5120 

.7 

1.5710 

42.0 

.4078 

.6 

.4588 

.2 

1.5136 

.8 

1  .  5727 

.1 

.4091 

.7 

.4602 

.3 

1.5152 

.9 

1.5744 

.2 

.4105 

.8 

.4617 

.4 

1  5167 

53.0 

1.5761 

.3 

.4119 

.9 

.4632 

.5 

1.5183 

.1 

1.5778 

.4 

.4133 

46.0 

.4646 

.6 

1.5199 

.2 

1.5795 

.5 

.4146 

.1 

.4661 

.7 

1.5215 

.3 

1.5812 

.6 

.4160 

.2 

.4676 

.8 

1.5231 

.4 

1.5830 

.7 

.4174 

.3 

.4691 

.9 

1  .  5247 

.5 

1  .  5847 

.8 

.4188 

.4 

.4706 

50.0 

1.5263 

.6 

1.5864 

.9 

.4202 

.5 

1.4721 

.1 

1.5279 

.7 

1.5882 

43.0 

1.4216 

.6 

1.4736 

.2 

1  .  5295 

.8 

1  .  5899 

.1 

1.4230 

.7 

1.4751 

.3 

1.5312 

.9 

1.5917 

.2 

1.4244 

.8 

1.4766 

.4 

1.5328 

54.0 

1.5934 

.3 

1.4258 

.9 

1.4781 

.5 

1.5344 

.1 

1.5952 

.4 

1.4272 

47.0 

1.4796 

.6 

1.5360 

.2 

1  .  5969 

.5 

1.4286 

.1 

1.4811 

.7 

1.5376 

.3 

1.5987 

.6 

1.4300 

.2 

1.4826 

.8 

1.5393 

.4 

1.6004 

.7 

1.4314 

.3 

1.4841 

.9 

1  .  5409 

.5 

1.6022 

.8 

1.4328 

.4 

1.4857 

51.0 

1  .  5426 

.6 

1.6040 

.9 

1.4342 

.5 

1.4872 

.1 

1.5442 

.7 

1.6058 

44.0 

1.4356 

.6 

1.4887 

.2 

1  .  5458 

.8 

.6075 

.1 

1.4371 

.7 

1.4902 

.3 

1  .  5475 

.9 

.6093 

.2 

1.4385 

.8 

1.4918 

.4 

1.5491 

55.0 

.6111 

.3 

1.4399 

.9 

1.4933 

.5 

1.5508 

.1 

.6129 

.4 

1.4414 

48.0 

1.4948 

.6 

1  .  5525 

.2 

.6147 

.5 

1  .  4428 

.1 

1.4964 

.7 

1.5541 

.3 

.6165 

.6 

1.4442 

.2 

1.4979 

.8 

1.5558 

.4 

.6183 

.7 

1.4457 

.3 

1.4995 

.9 

1.5575 

.5 

.6201 

BAUMfi  HYDROMETERS 


15 


60°       /15  56° 
SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES  AT        F.         ' 


CORRESPONDING  TO 


DEGREES  BAUME  —  (Concluded) 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

.6 

1.6219 

.3 

1.6724 

.9 

1.7241 

.5 

1.7791 

.7 

1  .  6237 

.4 

1.6744 

61.0 

1.7262 

.6 

1.7813 

.8 

1.6256 

.5 

1.6763 

.1 

1.7282 

.7 

1  .  7835 

.9 

1.6274 

.6 

1  .  6782 

.2 

.7303 

.8 

.7857 

56.0 

1.6292 

.7 

1.6802 

.3 

.7324 

.9 

.7879 

.1 

1.6310 

.8 

1.6821 

.4 

.7344 

64.0 

.7901 

.2 

1.6329 

.9 

1  .  6841 

.5 

.7365 

.1 

.7923 

.3 

1.6347 

59.0 

1.6860 

.6 

.7386 

.2 

.7946 

.4 

1.6366 

.1 

1.6880 

.7 

.7407 

.3 

.7968 

.5 

1.6384 

.2 

1.6900 

.8 

.7428 

.4 

.7990 

.6 

1.6403 

.3 

1.6919 

.9 

1.7449 

.5 

.8012 

.7 

1.6421 

.4 

1.6939 

62.0 

1.7470 

.6 

.8035 

.8 

1.6440 

.5 

1.6959 

.1 

1.7491 

.7 

.8057 

.9 

1.6459 

.6 

1.6979 

.2 

1.7512 

.8 

.8080 

57.0 

1  .  6477 

.7 

1.6999 

.3 

1.7533 

.9 

1.8102 

.1 

1.6496 

.8 

1  .  7019 

.4 

1.7554 

65.0 

1.8125 

.2 

1.6515 

.9 

1.7039 

.5 

1  .  7576 

.1 

1.8148 

.3 

1  .  6534 

60.0 

1.7059 

.6 

1.7597 

.2 

1.8170 

.4 

1.6553 

.1 

1.7079 

.7 

1.7618 

.3 

1.8193 

.5 

1.6571 

.2 

1.7099 

.8 

1.7640 

.4 

1.8216 

.6 

1.6590 

.3 

1.7119 

.9 

1.7661 

.5 

1.8239 

.7 

1.6609 

.4 

.7139 

63.0 

1.7683 

.6 

1.8262 

.8 

1.6628 

.5 

.7160 

.1 

1.7705 

.7 

1.8285 

.9 

1.6648 

.6 

.7180 

.2 

1.7726 

.8 

1.8308 

58.0 

1.6667 

.7 

.7200 

.3 

1  .  7748 

.9 

1.8331 

.1 

1  .  6686 

.8 

.7221 

.4 

1.7770 

66.0 

1  .  8354 

.2 

1.6705 

16 


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BAUME  HYDROMETERS 


17 


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18 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


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BAUME  HYDROMETERS 

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19 


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20  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

TWADDLE  HYDROMETER 
(Generally  used  in  England) 
Methods  of  Converting  Specific  Gravity  to  Degrees  Twaddle 

1.  Let  x  =  degrees  Twaddle. 

y  =  specific  gravity. 
IQOOj/  -  1000 
~5~~ 

2.  Orz  =  200  (y  -  1). 

3.  This  method  may  be  used  for  any  value  below  2.000.     Move 
the  decimal  point  two  figures  to  the  right,  striking  off  the  first 
figure  and  multiplying  the  remainder  by  2. 

Methods  of  Converting  Degrees  Twaddle  to  Specific  Gravity 

1.  Let  x  =  specific  gravity. 
y  =  degrees  Twaddle. 
5y  +  1000 
1000 


The  degrees  in  Twaddle's  hydrometer  bear  a  direct  relation- 
ship to  the  specific  gravity,  the  basis  of  the  system  being  plain 
and  unmistakable,  since  every  degree  is  equal  to  a  difference  in 
specific  gravity  of  0.005. 


TWADDLE  HYDROMETER 


21 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITIES  CORRESPONDING  TO  DEGREES  TWADDLE 


Degrees 
Twaddle 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Specific 
gravity 

1 

1.005 

35 

1.175 

69 

1.345 

103 

1.515 

137 

1.685 

2 

1.010 

36 

1.180 

70 

1.350 

104 

1.520 

138 

1.690 

3 

1.015 

37 

.185 

71 

1.355 

105 

1.525 

139 

.695 

4 

1.020 

38 

.190 

72 

1.360 

106 

1.530 

140 

.700 

5 

1.025 

39 

.195 

73 

1.365 

107 

1.535 

141 

.705 

6 

1.030 

40 

.200 

74 

1.370 

108 

1.540 

142 

.710 

7 

1.035 

41 

.205 

75 

1.375 

109 

1.545 

143 

.715 

8 

1.040 

42 

.210 

76 

.380 

110 

1.550 

144 

.720 

9 

1.045 

43 

.215 

77 

.385 

111 

1.555 

145 

.725 

10 

1.050 

44 

.220 

78 

.390 

112 

1.560 

146 

.730 

11 

1.055 

45 

.225 

79 

.395 

113 

1.565 

147 

.735 

12 

1.060 

46 

.230 

80 

.400 

114 

1.570 

148 

1.740 

13 

1.065 

47 

.235 

81 

.405 

115 

1.575 

149 

1.745 

14 

1.070 

48 

.240 

82 

.410 

116 

1.580 

150 

1.750 

15 

1.075 

49 

.245 

83 

.415 

117 

1.585 

151 

1.755 

16 

1.080 

50 

1.250 

84 

.420 

118 

1.590 

152 

1.760 

17 

1.085 

51 

1.255 

85 

.425 

119 

1.595 

153 

1.765 

18 

1  090 

52 

1.260 

86 

.430 

120 

1.600 

154 

1  770 

19 

1.095 

53 

1.265 

87 

.435 

121 

1.605 

155 

1.775 

20 

1.100 

54 

1.270 

88 

.440 

122 

1.610 

156 

1.780 

21 

1.105 

55 

1.275 

89 

.445 

123 

1.615 

157 

1.785 

22 

1.110 

56 

1.280 

90 

.450 

124 

1.620 

158 

1.790 

23 

1.115 

57 

1.285 

91 

.455 

125 

1.625 

159 

1.795 

24 

1.120 

58 

1.290 

92 

.460 

126 

1.630 

160 

.800 

25 

1.125 

59 

.295 

93 

.465 

127 

1.635 

161 

.805 

26 

1.130 

60 

.300 

94 

.470 

128 

1.640 

162 

.810 

27 

1.135 

61 

.305 

95 

.475 

129 

1.645 

163 

.815 

28 

1.140 

62 

.310 

96 

.480 

130 

1.650 

164 

.820 

29 

1.145 

63 

.315 

97 

.485 

131 

1.655 

165 

.825 

30 

1.150 

64 

.320 

98 

.490 

132 

1.660 

166 

.830 

31 

1.155 

65 

.325 

99 

.495 

133 

1.665 

167 

.835 

32 

1.160 

66 

.330 

100 

.500 

134 

1.670 

168 

.840 

33 

1.165 

67 

1.335 

101 

.505 

135 

1.675 

169 

.845 

34 

1.170 

68 

1.340 

102 

.510 

136 

1.680 

170 

.850 

22 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 
NOMENCLATURE  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 


Sulphuric  acid  shows  a  definite  relation  between  the  specific 
gravity  and  strength  up  to  93.19  per  cent.  H2SO4.  As  it  is  much 
easier  to  determine  the  specific  gravity  than  the  strength,  acids 
weaker  than  93.19  per  cent,  are  nearly  always  spoken  of  and  sold 
as  being  of  so  many  degrees  Baurne*,  the  Baume  hydrometer  being 
the  instrument  generally  used  for  determining  the  specific  gravity. 
The  principal  strengths  of  such  acids  are : 


Degrees  Baum6 

Specific  gravity 

Per  cent.  SO3 

Per  cent.  H2SO4 

50 

1.5263 

50.76 

62.18 

60 

1  .  7059 

63.40 

77.67 

66 

1  .  8354 

76.07 

93.19 

In  1882  the  Manufacturing  Chemists'  Association  of  the 
United  States  agreed  on  a  set  of  values  for  Baume  degrees  and 
their  H2S04  equivalents.  In  1904  the  Association  adopted  the 
table  of  Ferguson  and  Talbot.  The  H2SO4  equivalents  show  a 
slight  change  from  the  table  of  1882  and  those  values  have  been 
used  in  this  country  ever  since.  In  Germany  especially,  and 
quite  generally  on  the  continent,  a  different  set  of  values  for 
Baume  degrees  is  used  in  which  all  have  higher  values  in  specific 
gravity  and  H2SO4  than  those  used  here.  For  instance  66°Be. 
here  corresponds  to  93.19  per  cent.  H2SO4  and  in  Germany  to 
98  per  cent. 

The  66°  acid  is  also  known  as  oil  of  vitriol  (0.  V.)  and  strengths 
of  weaker  acids  are  sometimes  spoken  of  as  so  many  per  cent. 
O.  V.,  a  60°Be.  acid  containing  77.67  per  cent.  H2S04  being 
called  83.35  per  cent.  0.  V. 


77.67  X  100 
93.19 


=  83.35 


NOMENCLATURE  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  23 

This,  however,  is  not  very  common.  In  reporting  total  pro- 
duction or  uses  of  sulphuric  acid  it  is  frequently  stated  as  being 
equivalent  to  a  certain  quantity  of  acid  of  50°  or  60°  or  some  other 
standard  strength,  the  total  amount  of  H2S04  being  the  same  as 
that  contained  in  the  stated  quantity  of  the  stated  strength. 
Productions  are  also  often  reported  as  tons  of  SO3. 

When  an  acid  becomes  stronger  than  93.19  per  cent.  H2SO4, 
to  speak  of  it  in  terms  of  specific  gravity  or  degrees  Baume*  would 
be  fallacious  as  94.5  per  cent,  acid  has  practically  the  same  specific 
gravity  as  100  per  cent.  Acids  between  93.19  and  100  per  cent, 
are  spoken  of  as  so  many  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid;  100  per  cent, 
acid  being  commonly  called  the  mono-hydrate.  This  contains 
100  per  cent.  H2SO4  (81.63  per  cent.  SO3). 

SO3  dissolves  in  the  mono-hydrate  giving  fuming  acid  or 
oleum.  It  is  called  fuming  acid  because  the  S03  escapes,  form- 
ing white  fumes,  when  exposed  to  the  air.  Oleum  is  the  German 
name  which  has  been  used  extensively  in  this  country,  since  the 
first  practical  methods  of  making  it  were  German  and  the  German 
nomenclature  was  frequently  adopted  here.  It  is  also  known  in 
Germany  as  Nordhausen  Oil  of  Vitriol. 

There  are  three  ways  of  stating  the  strength  of  fuming  acid: 

1.  The  per  cent,  of  free  (dissolved)  S03. 

2.  The  per  cent,  of  total  SO3. 

3.  The  equivalent  per  cent.  100  per  cent.  H2SO4.     That  is  the 
per  cent,  of  100  per  cent.  H2SO4  it  would  make  if  sufficient  water 
were  added  to  combine  with  all  the  free  SO3. 

For  instance  an  acid  containing  20  per  cent,  free  S03  would 
contain  a  total  of  85.30  per  cent.  SO3,  and  actual  H2SO4  content 
of  80  per  cent,  and  would  make  104.49  per  cent.  H2SO4  if  sufficient 
water  were  added  to  combine  with  all  the  free  SO3.  It  might, 
therefore,  be  called  20  per  cent.,  85.30  per  cent,  or  104.49  per  cent. 

Mixed  acid  is  the  technical  term  for  a  mixture  of  strong  sul- 
phuric acid  and  nitric  acid. 


24  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

FORMULAS  FOR  USE  IN  SULPHURIC -ACID  CALCULATIONS 

(By  non-fuming  acid   is  meant  all  strengths  under  81.63  per  cent.  SO3) 
(By  fuming  acid  is  meant  all  strengths  over  81.63  per  cent.  SO3) 

The  following  factors  were  calculated  from  molecular  weights: 
SO3          80.06 


H2SO4       98.076 

H2S04  =  98.076 

SO3       :   80.06 

H2O        18.016 


=  0.8163 
=  1.2250 
=  0.1837 

=  5.4438 


H2SO4       98.076 

H2SO4  =  98.076 

H20      =  18.016 

S03  =  80.06 
H2O  "18.016 

H.O  _  18.016  _ 
S03  "  80.06"  ' 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  S03 — Non-fuming  Acid— 

Per  cent.  H2SO4  X  0.8163 
or  Per  cent.  H2S04  ^  1.2250 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  H2S04 — Non-fuming  Acid— 

Per  cent.  SO3  4-  0.8163 
or  Per  cent.  S03  X  1.2250 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  Free  H20 — Non-fuming  Acid— 
100  -  per  cent.  H2SO4 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  Combined  H2O — Non-fuming  Acid — 

Per  cent.  H2S04  —  per  cent.  S03 
or  Per  cent.  H2S04  X  0.1837 

or  Per  cent.  S03       X  0.2250 


SULPHURIC-ACID  CALCULATIONS  25 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  Combined  H20 — Fuming  Add— 

Per  cent.  H2SO4X  0.1837 
or  100  -  per  cent,  total  SO3 

or  Per  cent,  combined  SO3  X  0.2250 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  H2S04— Fuming  Add— 
98.076  (100  -  per  cent,  total  SO3) 

18.016 

or  100-  per  cent,  free  SO3 

or  Per  cent,  combined  H2O  X  5.4438 

or 
Per  cent,  combined  H2O  +  (4.4438  X  per  cent,  combined  H20) 

To  Calculate  Equivalent  100  Per  Cent.  H2SO4— Fuming  Add— 

Per  cent,  total  SO3  •*•  0.8163 
or  Per  cent,  total  SO3  X  1.2250 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  Combined  SO3 — Fuming  Add — 

80.06  (100  -  per  cent,  free  SO3) 

98.076 

or  Per  cent,  H2SO4  X  0.8163 

or  Per  cent,  combined  H2O  X  4.4438 

or  Per  cent,  total  S03  —  per  cent,  free  SO3 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  Free  S03— Fuming  Add— 
(Per  cent,  total  SO3  X  98.076)  -  8006 

18.016 

or    (Per  cent,  total  SO3  X  5.4438)  -  444.38 
or    (Per  cent,  total  SO3  -  81.63)  5.4438 

or     Per  cent,  total  SO3  -  (per  cent,  combined  H2O  X  4.4438) 
or     Per  cent,  total  SO3  —  per  cent,  combined  S03 
or      100  -  Per  cent.  H2S04 


26  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

To  Calculate  Per  Cent.  Total  SO3—  Fuming  Acid— 

(Per  cent,  free  SO3  X  18.016)  +  8008 
98.076 

or  (Per  cent,  free  SO3  X  0.1837)  +  81.63 

or  0.8163  (100  -  per  cent,  free  SO3)  +  per  cent,  free  SO3 

or  Equivalent  per  cent.  100  per  cent.  H2SO4  X  0.8163 

or  Per  cent,  free  SO3  +  per  cent,  combined  S03 

To  Calculate  Weight  per  Cubic  Foot  Acid  — 

Specific  gravity  at  ^goF.     L  .'     0C.j     X   weight   per  cubic  foot 
water  at  60°F.  (62.37  Ib.) 

To  Calculate  Weight  SO3  per  Cubic  Foot 

(Weight  of  acid  per  cubic  foot  X  per  cent.  S03)  ^  100) 

To   Calculate   the   Equivalent  Per  Cent,   and   Weight    of   One 
Strength  Acid  of  Compared  to  Another 

The  equivalent  per  cent,  in  66°Be.  (93.19  per  cent.  H2SO4)  of 
an  acid  of  60°Be\  (77.67  per  cent.  H2SO4)  is: 

77  f\7 

^g  X  100  =  83.35  per  cent.  66°Be\ 

and  as  60°Be*.  corresponds  to  1.7059  specific  gravity,  the  pounds 
of  66°B4.  equivalent  to  1  cu.  ft.  of  60°Be\  is: 

X  L7059  x  62'37  =  88-68  lb-  66°B4' 


NOTE.  —  While  ascertaining  equivalents  of  non-fuming  acid,  strengths 
used  for  the  calculations  can  either  be  taken  as  per  cent.  SO3  or  of  per  cent. 
H2SO4. 

If  calculating  fuming-acid  equivalents,  strengths  should  be  used  in  terms 
of  total  per  cent.  SO3  unless  expressed  in  the  equivalent  per  cent,  of  100  per 
cent.  H2SO4. 


INTRODUCTORY  27 

DESCRIPTION  OF  METHODS  EMPLOYED  IN  PREPARING  THE  TABLES 
OF  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID,  NITRIC  ACID, 
AND  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID,  ADOPTED  BY  THE 
MANUFACTURING    CHEMISTS'    ASSO- 
CIATION OF  THE  UNITED  STATES1 
BY  W.  C.  FERGUSON 

INTRODUCTORY 

The  General  Chemical  Company,  finding  that  many  different 
methods  of  analysis  were  being  used  in  their  various  works,  and 
realizing  the  advantages  of  uniform  methods,  submitted  the  task 
of  unification  to  the  writer.  After  careful  investigation,  the 
methods  best  adapted  were  selected,  and  by  the  constant  ex- 
amination of  new  methods  described  in  the  literature  as  well  as 
by  original  research,  these  methods  are  from  time  to  time  sub- 
stituted or  modified.  The  need  soon  became  apparent  for  uni- 
form specific-gravity  tables,  no  two  authorities  agreeing;  not 
only  was  there  disagreement  between  specific  gravities  and  cor- 
responding percentage  composition  when  reduced  to  the  same 
standard,  but  different  moduli,  temperatures,  etc.,  were  used  as 
standards. 

The  preparation  of  standard  tables  of  the  specific  gravity  and 
corresponding  composition,  with  other  useful  data,  was  under- 
taken for  nitric  acid,  hydrochloric  acid,  ammonia  and  sulphuric 
acid.  The  Manufacturing  Chemists'  Association  of  the  United 
States,  hearing  of  our  efforts  while  the  work  was  in  progress,  after 
investigation,  accepted  the  tables  as  they  were  completed  as 
standard  tables  of  the  association.  In  the  case  of  the  sulphuric 
acid  table,  they  employed  Prof.  H.  P.  Talbot  of  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology  of  Boston,  as  expert,  whose  name  appears 
with  that  of  the  writer  as  authority. 

These  tables  are  designed  primarily  as  a  basis  for  sales  which 
are  largely  governed  by  the  degree  Baume";  they  are  also  useful 
for  controlling  processes,  taking  account  of  stock,  etc. 

1  Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  July  31,  1905,  pp.  781-790. 


28  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

The  acids  and  ammonia  used  were  the  purest  obtainable  c.p., 
and  were  carefully  examined  for  impurities  and  purified  when 
necessary.  The  impurities  in  commercial  products  are  such  a 
variable  quantity  and,  as  their  purity  is  becoming  more  pro- 
nounced as  manufacturing  processes  improve,  many  substances 
made  on  a  large  scale  being  nearly  c.p.,  it  was  deemed  that  the 
tables  would  have  more  practical  value  if  they  were  based  upon 
c.p.  compounds.  As  to  any  scientific  merit  they  may  possess,  it 
is  needless  to  say  that  such  a  positive  basis  to  which  they  can 
always  be  referred  is  an  essential. 

All  of  the  analytical  and  specific-gravity  determinations,  de- 
terminations of  the  coefficient  of  expansion  (or  allowance  for 
temperature),  determination  of  boiling  points,  as  well  as  all  cal- 
culations and  clerical  work,  were  performed  by  two  experienced 
men  working  independently. 

SPECIFIC-GRAVITY  DETERMINATIONS 

All  specific-gravity  determinations  were  taken  at  60°F.,  com- 
pared with  water  at  60°F.  The  work  was  done  in  winter  and  no 
account  was  taken  of  differences  of  atmospheric  pressure  or 
temperature,  which  averaged  about  760  mm.  and  65°F. 

The  apparatus  used  in  this  work  was  a  50-c.c.  Geissler  picnom- 
eter  having  a  capillary  side-arm  tube  fitted  with  a  glass  cap,  in 
the  top  of  which  was  a  small  hole  which  allowed  the  liquid  to 
expand  without  loosening  the  thermometer  or  cap,  at  the  same 
time  preventing  loss  while  weighing.  The  thermometer,  which 
was  ground  to  fit  the  neck  of  the  bottle,  was  graduated  to  J^°F. 
and  readable  to  Hs0^.,  and  was  frequently  checked  against  a 
standard  thermometer. 

Before  making  a  determination  the  water  content  of  the  bottle 
was  first  accurately  determined  and  checked  from  time  to  time 
during  a  series  of  determinations.  To  obtain  the  water  content, 
the  bottle  together  with  the  thermometer  and  glass  cap  were 
carefully  cleaned,  dried  and  weighed.  (The  accuracy  of  the 
balance  and  weights  were  systematically  checked  against  a 


COEFFICIENT  OF  EXPANSION  29 

standard  set  of  weights.)  The  bottle  was  then  filled  with  freshly 
distilled  water  at  55°-57°F.,  and  the  thermometer  tightly  in- 
serted. As  the  temperature  slowly  rose,  the  water  expanded 
through  the  capillary  side  arm.  When  the  thermometer  regis- 
tered 60°F.,  the  last  drop  was  removed  from  the  top  of  the  capil- 
lary, the  tube  capped  and  the  whole  weighed.  This  weight,  less 
the  tare  obtained  above,  was  taken  as  the  water  content  of  the 
bottle  at  60°F.  Check  determinations  agreed  within  0.002  gram, 
or  less  than  0.00005  specific  gravity.  Distilled  water  freed  from 
carbon  dioxide  by  boiling,  and  cooling  in  a  closed  vessel,  gave  the 
same  water  content  as  the  ordinary  distilled  water  which  was 
used  throughout  the  work.  This  water  was  free  from  chloride 
and  residue  upon  evaporation. 

In  determining  the  specific  gravity  of  liquids,  the  weight  of  the 
liquid  contained  by  the  bottle  at  60°F.  was  obtained  as  above. 
This  weight,  divided  by  the  water  content,  equals  the  specific 
gravity. 

It  was  thought  that  the  temperature  of  the  liquid  in  the  bottle 
might  vary  in  different  parts  and  the  whole  not  have  the  same 
temperature  as  registered  by  the  thermometer  in  the  center  of 
the  bottle.  To  ascertain  the  facts  in  the  case  a  beaker  was  filled 
with  water  below  the  temperature  of  the  room,  and  a  thermom- 
eter placed  in  the  center  of  the  beaker  showed  the  same  tempera- 
ture, as  those  placed  near  the  sides,  the  temperature  rising  uni- 
formly throughout  the  liquid. 

COEFFICIENT  OF  EXPANSION 

The  correction  for  temperature  was  found  by  allowing  the 
liquid  to  slowly  expand,  and  when  the  temperature  had  risen 
8°-10°F.,  the  tube  was  wiped  off  and  capped,  and  the  apparatus 
again  weighed.  Another  weight  was  taken  at  a  still  higher  tem- 
perature, and  from  these  results  the  difference  in  specific  gravity 
for  1°F.  and  the  number  of  degrees  corresponding  to  l°Be.  were 
calculated.  To  determine  how  much  the  expansion  of  the  pic- 
nometer  affected  the  specific-gravity  determinations  at  different 


30  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

temperature,  the  bottle  was  filled  with  distilled  water  and  weighed 
at  50°,  60°,  70°  and  80°F.  From  Kopp's  table  of  the  volume  of 
water  at  different  temperatures,  the  increase  in  volume  of  50  c.c. 
for  each  10°F.  was  calculated.  If  the  bottle  had  not  expanded, 
the  successive  differences  in  weight  should  have  corresponded 
with  the  differences  in  volume,  but  in  each  case  the  differences 
in  weight  were  less  than  the  calculated  expansion  of  water,  the 
amount  less  being  due  to  the  expansion  of  the  glass  bottle.  The 
results  showed  that  1°F.  =  0.00062  gram  =  effect  of  expansion 
of  50-c.c.  bottle.  100  c.c.  =  0.0012  gram  which  would  make  a 
difference  of  0.000012  specific  gravity,  which  is  less  than  the 
accuracy  of  our  determinations,  and  no  correction  has  been  made 
for  it. 

Analytical  Determinations. — All  calculations  are  based  upon 
F.  W.  Clarke's  "  Table  of  Atomic  Weights,"  1901—0  =  16. 

Preparation  of  Standards. — The  following  standards  were 
prepared  by  the  methods  to  be  described:  Sodium  carbonate  (a) 
ignited  at  low  red  heat  to  constant  weight;  sodium  carbonate  (b) 
heated  at  572°F.  to  constant  weight;  ammonium  sulphate;  100 
per  cent,  sulphuric  acid;  sulphuric  anhydride;  sulphanilic  acid. 

Sodium  Carbonate  (a). — This  standard  was  prepared  from 
the  purest  obtainable  sodium  bicarbonate  made  by  the  ammonia 
process  and  specially  selected  for  us  by  a  prominent  manufac- 
turer. Our  analysis  showed  it  to  contain  in  addition  to  some 
sodium  chloride — 

Per  cent.  Per  cent. 

SiO2 0.001  equivalent  Na2CO3  =  0.00 

Fe2O3.Al2O3  0.002  equivalent  Na2CO3  =  0.00 

CaCO3 0.010  equivalent  Na2CO3  =  0.0106 

MgCO3.. . .  0.009  equivalent  Na2CO3  =  0.0113 


0.022  0.0219 

The  impurities  that  are  titratable  by  an  acid,  calcium  and 
magnesium  carbonates,  are  exactly  equivalent  to  the  sodium 
carbonate  displaced. 


COEFFICIENT  OF  EXPANSION  31 

About  200  grams  of  sodium  bicarbonate  were  washed  in  a 
funnel  having  a  porcelain  plate  until  entirely  free  from  chloride. 
It  was  then  dried  at  100°C.,  protected  from  acid  gases,  finely 
ground,  and  kept  in  a  sealed  bottle  until  used.  About  20  grams 
of  bicarbonate  thus  prepared  was  heated  in  a  platinum  dish  at 
a  moderate  red  heat,  until  the  weight  was  constant,  and  then 
5  grams  was  quickly  and  accurately  weighed  for  analysis.  Our 
attention  was  directed  to  the  method  of  heating  sodium  carbon- 
ate, for,  in  standardizing,  various  results  were  obtained  depend- 
ing on  the  temperature  of  ignition,  the  highest  temperature 
giving  the  greatest  alkalinity,  or  about  0.09  'per  cent,  greater 
than  the  lowest.  It  remained  to  be  proved  whether  the  high  or 
low  result  was  correct,  and  whether  in  heating  to  the  higher 
temperature  (red  heat  over  a  Bunsen  flame)  water  was  given  off, 
or  whether  the  loss  in  weight  was  due  to  a  decomposition  of 
sodium  carbonate  into  sodium  oxide  and  carbon  dioxide. 

In  referring  to  the  literature  several  references  •  were  found 
upon  the  ignition  of  sodium  carbonate.  Mendeteeff,  vol.  I,  p. 
525,  in  quoting  the  work  of  Pickering,  says:  "When  sodium 
carbonate  is  fused  about  1  per  cent,  of  carbon  dioxide  is  disen- 
gaged." In  Lunge's  "  Untersuchungs  Methoden,"  vol.  I,  p.  83, 
reference  is  made  to  an  article  in  Zeitschr.  f.  Angew.  Chem.,  1897, 
p.  522,  by  Lunge,  in  which  he  says  that  soda  intended  for  the 
standardization  of  acids  must  not  be  heated  higher  than  300°C. 
(572°F.),  and  if  the  heating  is  carried  on  at  this  temperature  for 
a  sufficient  length  of  time,  one  may  be  sure  that  neither  bicarbon- 
ate nor  water  is  left  behind,  and  yet  no  sodium  oxide  has  been 
formed  as  may  happen  if  the  heating  is  carried  to  a  low  red  heat. 

Sodium  Carbonate  (b). — A  portion  of  the  washed  and  dried 
bicarbonate  was  carefully  heated  in  a  platinum  crucible  with 
occasional  stirring  at  572°F.  to  constant  weight,  and  immediately 
analyzed. 

Ammonium  Sulphate. — Ten  grams  of  the  standard  acid  (to  be 
hereinafter  described)  were  quickly  and  accurately  weighed  in  a 
small  glass  weighing  tube,  avoiding  absorption  of  moisture  from 


32  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

the  atmosphere.  After  rinsing  the  sample  into  a  large  platinum 
dish,  it  was  made  slightly  ammoniacal  with  ammonia  that  had 
been  freshly  distilled  to  free  it  from  silica.  During  evaporation 
on  the  steam  bath,  the  dish  was  kept  covered  by  a  large  funnel 
and  protected  from  acid  fumes.  Ammonia  was  added  from  time 
to  time,  as  it  was  found  that  the  salt  became  acid  on  evaporation. 
After  evaporation  the  dish  was  dried  in  an  air  bath  to  constant 
weight  at  230°F. 

Sulphuric  Acid  (100  Per  Cent.  H2SO4). — In  reviewing  the 
work  of  Pickering  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  1890)  it  occurred  to  us  that 
it  would  be  possible  to  make  some  pure  100  per  cent,  sulphuric 
acid,  and  that  the  analysis  of  this  would  serve  as  a  suitable  check 
on  our  other  methods.  Pickering  has  shown  that  the  curve  of 
the  melting  point  of  sulphuric  acid  near  100  per  cent,  reaches  a 
maximum  at  100  per  cent.  Therefore,  by  starting  with  an  acid 
slightly  less  than  100  per  cent,  and  another  slightly  more  than 
100  per  cent.,  a  point  should  be  reached  in  recrystallizing  when 
the  successive  crops  of  crystals  obtained  from  both  acids  should 
show  the  same  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid.  This  was  actually  the 
case. 

Starting  with  2  liters  of  chemically  pure  sulphuric  acid,  pure 
redistilled  sulphuric  anhydride  was  added  until,  on  analysis,  the 
strength  was  99.8  per  cent.  The  bottle  was  shaken  during  crys- 
tallization so  as  to  obtain  small  crystals,  and  when  the  bottle 
was  half  full  of  crystals  the  mother  liquor  was  drained  off  through 
a  porcelain  plate  fitted  over  the  mouth  of  the  bottle  and  having 
a  glass  tube  passing  through  its  center  to  the  bottom  of  the  bottle 
through  which  air  dried  with  strong  sulphuric  acid  was  admitted, 
when  the  bottle  was  inverted.  By  draining  the  crystals  for 
several  hours  at  a  temperature  slightly  above  the  melting  point, 
the  mother  liquor  was  entirely  removed.  These  crystals  were 
then  melted  and  recrystallized,  and  drained  as  described  above. 
The  crystals  thus  contained  were  melted,  recrystallized  and 
drained,  the  final  crystals  being  melted  and  kept  in  a  sealed 


COEFFICIENT  OF  EXPANSION  33 

bottle  until  analyzed.  Two  liters  of  acid  were  prepared,  analyz- 
ing 100.1  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid.  From  this  the  standard  was 
prepared  in  exactly  the  same  manner  as  in  the  case  of  acid  analyz- 
ing 99.8  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid. 

Sulphuric  Anhydride. — Another  method  used  as  a  check  on 
our  standard  was  the  titration  of  sulphuric  acid  formed  by  the 
addition  of  water  to  100  per  cent,  sulphuric  anhydride.  To  do 
this  required  especial  care — first,  to  obtain  a  sample  of  sulphuric 
anhydride  free  from  water,  and,  after  obtaining  it,  to  mix  it  with 
water  without  loss  of  anhydride.  The  plan  adopted  was  as 
follows : 

Fuming  sulphuric  acid  containing  40  per  cent,  free  SOs  was 
distilled  at  a  low  temperature  into  a  long-necked  flask  fitting 
tightly  over  the  delivery  tube  of  the  retort.  A  few  crystals  of 
potassium  permanganate  were  added  to  oxidize  any  sulphur 
dioxide  present.  The  first  25  c.c.  of  the  distillate  were  rejected. 
About  200  c.c.  were  distilled  over.  Then  this  200  c.c.  was  redis- 
tilled, rejecting  the  first  few  cubic  centimeters  and  collecting 
about  100  c.c.  in  an  ordinary  distilling  flask,  to  the  delivery  tube 
of  which  was  sealed  the  open  end  of  a  test-tube,  which  had  been 
drawn  out  in  the  center,  and  bent  at  the  constricted  part,  almost 
to  a  right  angle,  thus  forming  a  receiver.  As  soon  as  the  distilla- 
tion into  the  flask  was  completed  the  neck  was  sealed,  thus 
making  the  whole  apparatus  air-tight.  By  warming  the  flask 
to  140°F.  and  cooling  the  receiver,  about  20  grams  of  sulphuric 
anhydride  were  distilled  over  into  the  latter,  which  was  then 
sealed  at  the  constricted  part  having  a  slight  vacuum. 

Sulphanilic  Acid. — In  looking  through  the  list  of  organic  acids 
for  one  that  would  be  suitable,  sulphanilic  acid  was  decided  upon 
on  account  of  its  being  a  monobasic  acid  with  a  high  molecular 
weight,  crystallizing  without  water  and  drying  without  decompo- 
sition. The  so-called  c.p.  acid  was  recrystallized  three  times, 
finely  ground,  and  dried  in  an  air  bath  at  230°F.  to  constant 
weight. 


34  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

ANALYSIS  OF  STANDARDS 

For  the  comparison  of  the  above  carefully  prepared  compounds 
as  standards  2  liters  of  c.p.  sulphuric  acid  were  used.  This  acid 
was  tested  for  impurities,  found  to  be  practically  free,  and  was 
kept  sealed  when  not  in  use,  its  percentage  composition  being 
determined  as  follows: 

Sodium  Carbonate  (a). — Five  grams  of  freshly  ignited  sodium 
carbonate,  prepared  as  above,  were  quickly  weighed  out,  and  an 
amount  of  standard  acid,  slightly  in  excess  of  the  amount  required 
for  neutralization  was  weighed  in  a  small  weighing  tube  and 
washed  into  a  flask  containing  the  sodium  carbonate.  After 
boiling  for  15  min.  to  expel  carbon  dioxide,  the  excess  of  sulphuric 
acid  was  titrated  with  N/2  sodium  hydroxide,  using  phenolph- 
thalein  as  indicator.  A  short  stem  funnel  was  placed  in  the  neck 
of  the  flask  to  prevent  loss  while  boiling.  Duplicate  analyses  of 
the  standard  acid  by  this  method  gave  97.33-97.35  per  cent,  of 
sulphuric  acid. 

Sodium  Carbonate  (6). — Five  grams  sodium  carbonate,  pre- 
pared as  above  by  heating  at  572°F.  to  constant  weight,  were  used 
in  determining  the  strength  of  our  standard  acid.  Observing 
exactly  the  same  conditions  described  above,  we  obtained  97.41- 
97.42  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid. 

Ammonium  Sulphate. — The  ammonium  sulphate  dried  to  con- 
stant weight  at  230°F.,  as  described  above,  was  cooled  in  a  desic- 
cator and  quickly  weighed. 

The  salt  was  then  dissolved  in  water  and  the  small  amount  of 
free  acid  present,  as  indicated  by  methyl  orange,  was  titrated 
with  N/3  sodium  hydroxide.  Adding  an  equivalent  weight  of 
ammonia  to  the  weight  above,  gave  97.41  per  cent,  as  the  strength 
of  the  sulphuric  acid.  The  amount  of  acid  titrated  was  less  than 
0.10  per  cent,  (with  methyl  orange  a  sharp  end  point  is  obtained). 
A  duplicate  analysis  gave  97.41  per  cent,  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Sulphuric  Acid  (100  Per  Cent.  H2SO4). — About  6  grams  of 
acid,  crystallized  from  99.8  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid,  as  described 
above,  were  introduced  into  the  bottom  of  a  small  weighed  tube 


ANALYSIS  OF  STANDARDS  35 

• 

by  means  of  a  long-stemmed  dropping  tube  manipulated  with  a 
rubber  bulb.  The  glass  stopper  was  then  inserted  in  the  tube, 
the  whole  weighed,  after  which  the  acid  was  carefully  washed 
into  a  casserole  containing  cold  water,  and  titrated  with  sodium 
hydroxide  solution,  using  phenolphthalein  as  indicator,  according 
to  the  method  to  be  described. 

Assuming  this  acid  to  be  100  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid,  and  using 
the  NaOH  solution  standardized  on  this  basis  to  determine  the 
composition  of  the  standard  acid,  duplicate  determinations  gave 
97.39-97.41  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid.  Acid  crystallized  from 
100.1  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid.  Using  this  standard  exactly  as 
in  the  preceding  our  standard  acid  analyzed  97.40  per  cent, 
sulphuric  acid. 

Sulphuric  Anhydride. — The  tube  containing  the  sulphuric  an- 
hydride was  weighed  and  placed  in  a  glass-stoppered  bottle  con- 
taining about  100  c.c.  of  water.  The  tip  was  broken  off  above  the 
level  of  the  water  and  the  bottle  sealed.  After  standing  in  a 
warm  place  for  3  days,  the  sulphuric  anhydride  had  distilled  out 
of  the  tube  and  was  absorbed  by  the  water,  thus  mixing  without 
any  loss  of  sulphuric  anhydride.  The  glass  tube  was  dried  and 
weighed,  and,  deducting  this  weight  from  the  weight  above,  we 
have  the  weight  of  sulphuric  anhydride.  The  resulting  acid  was 
diluted  to  1  liter  and  300  c.c.  measured  with  the  dividing  burette 
were  titrated  with  sodium  hydroxide  solution,  using  phenolph- 
thalein as  indicator,  boiling  out  carbon  dioxide  and  observing 
the  same  conditions  as  in  standardizing. 

Assuming  the  sulphuric  anhydride  to  be  absolute,  and  using 
the  sodium  hydroxide  solution,  standardized  on  this  basis,  to 
determine  the  strength  of  the  standard  acid,  it  was  found  to  be 
97.40  and  97.43  per  cent,  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Sulphanilic  Acid. — Twenty  grams  of  this  acid,  prepared  as 
described  above,  were  titrated,  using  about  95  c.c.  of  sodium 
hydroxide  solution,  phenolphthalein  as  indicator,  and  observing 
all  conditions  as  in  standardizing  with  sulphuric  acid.  Assuming 
the  acid  to  be  100  per  cent,  pure,  and  using  the  sodium  hydroxide 


36 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


solution  standardized  on  this  basis  to  determine  the  strength  of 
our  standard  acid,  it  was  found  to  be  97.41  per  cent,  of  sulphuric 
acid. 

Recapitulation  of  composition  of  standard  sulphuric  acid  re- 
ferred to  all  the  standards  employed : 


Per  cent. 

Average 

Sodium  carbonate  — 
(A)  Ignited  at  low  red  heat  to  constant  weight 

97.33 

97  34 

(B)  Heated  at  572°F  to  constant  weight 

97.35 
97.41 

97  415 

Ammonium  sulphate  method 

[ 

97.42 
97.41 

97  41 

100  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid  prepared  from  acid  slightly 
under  100  per  cent  
100  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid  prepared  from  acid  slightly 
over  100  per  cent 

97.41 

97.39 
97.41 

97  40 

97.40 
97  40 

Sulphuric  anhydride  

' 

97.40 

97.415 

Sulphanilic  acid  

97.43 
97.41 

97.41 

The  close  agreement  between  the  above  standards,  with  one 
exception,  is  only  what  the  writer  and  his  assistants  ex- 
pected, provided  the  standards  themselves  were  pure.  The 
analytical  methods  employed  and  to  be  described  yield  results  in 
experienced  hands  that  are  entirely  in  accordance  with  the  above 
figures. 

The  abnormal  result  in  the  case  of  sodium  carbonate  ignited 
at  a  low  red  heat  was  investigated  as  follows : 

About  20  grams  of  sodium  carbonate  were  heated  to  constant 
weight  at  572°F.,  and  10  grams  used  for  analysis  of  the  standard 
acid  showed  it  to  contain  97.416  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid.  Ten 


ANALYSIS  OF  STANDARDS  37 

grams  were  placed  in  a  platinum  boat  in  a  combustion  tube,  where 
it  was  heated  to  moderate  red  heat  in  a  combustion  furnace.  A 
slow  stream  of  dry  air,  free  from  carbon  dioxide,  was  aspirated 
through  the  tube,  and  the  carbon  dioxide,  disengaged  by  heating 
the  sodium  carbonate,  was  absorbed  in  a  saturated  solution  of 
barium  hydroxide,  contained  in  a  bottle.  A  Mohr  bulb  contain- 
ing barium  hydroxide  was  connected  with  the  bottle  and  proved 
the  complete  absorption  of  carbon  dioxide  therein.  After  aspi- 
rating for  several  hours,  the  bulb  was  connected  directly  to  the 
tube  and  the  aspiration  continued,  which  showed  that  no  more 
carbon  dioxide  was  evolved,  no  precipitate  being  formed. 

The  excess  of  barium  hydroxide  was  neutralized  with  strong 
HC1,  and  finally  carefully  titrated  with  N/300  hydrochloric  acid, 
using  phenolphthalein  as  indicator;  the  barium  carbonate  was 
then  titrated  with  N/300  hydrochloric  acid,  using  methyl  orange 
as.  indicator. 

A  blank  titration  was  made  using  the  same  reagents,  and  the 
difference  between  the  two  methyl  orange  titrations  represented 
the  alkalinity  due  to  barium  carbonate.  In  this  way  0.0060 
gram  carbon  dioxide  were  determined  by  a  titration  of  about 
35  c.c.  of  hydrochloric  acid,  thus  making  a  simple  and  accurate 
determination.1  The  carbonate  of  soda  that  had  been  heated 
in  the  combustion  tube  was  removed,  accurately  weighed,  and 
used  to  analyze  the  standard  acid.  About  10  grams  were  used, 
and  the  result  obtained  was  97.358  per  cent.,  which  is  0.058  per 
cent,  lower  than  the  result  obtained  above. 

0.0060  gram  of  carbon  dioxide  formed  by  decomposition  of 
sodium  carbonate  would  leave  0.0084  gram  Na20,  which,  when 
weighed  and  calculated  as  Na2COa,  would  make  a  difference  in 
the  per  cent,  of  sulphuric  acid  of  0.056  per  cent.,  which  agrees 
within  0.002  per  cent,  with  the  result  found. 

1  This  method  was  subsequently  published  in  the  Analyst,  May,  1904,  vol, 
29,  pp.  152-153,  THOS.  MACARA. 


38  SULPHURIC  A.CID  HANDBOOK 

After  heating  to  redness: 

9.9916  grams  Na2CO3  are  equivalent  to  .       9 . 2369  grams  H2SO4 

0.0084  gram  Na2CO3  are  equivalent  to  0.0134  gram  H2SO4 


9. 2503  grams  H2SO4 
Before  heating  to  redness : 

10 . 0000  grams  Na2CO3  are  equivalent  to  9 . 2447  grams  H2SO4 

Increased  alkalinity  due  to  Na2O  formed  0. 0056  gram  H2SO4 


Equivalent  to 0 . 056     per     cent,     of 

H2S04 


If  the  C02  found  had  been  the  result  of  decomposition  of 
sodium  bicarbonate,  the  increased  alkalinity  would  have  been 
0.078  per  cent,  instead  of  0.058  per  cent,  as  found. 

By  heat : 
2NaHC03  =  Na2C03  +  CO2  +  H2O. 

168.116  106.1  44  18.016 

0 . 0060  gram  CO2  found  are  equivalent  to  0 . 0228  gram  NaHCO3, 

After  heating  to  redness : 
10 . 0  grams  Na2CO3  are  equivalent  to 9 . 2447  grams  H2SO4 

Before  heating  to  redness : 
9 . 9772  grams  Na2CO3  are 

equivalent  to 9 . 2236  grams 

0.0228  gram  NaHCO3  are 

equivalent  to 0.0133  gram 


9 . 2369  grams  9 . 2369  grams  H2SO4 


Increased  alkalinity  due  to  formation 0.0078  gram  H2SO4 

or  of  Na2C03  from  NaHCO3  equivalent  to          0. 078  per  cent,  of  H2SO4 

It  is  thus  indicated  by  this  experiment  that  the  carbon 
dioxide  formed  is  the  result  of  decomposition  of  NagCO?  into 
Na,0+C08. 


ANALYSIS  OF  STANDARDS  39 

A  sample  of  sodium  carbonate,  prepared  by  drying  to  constant 
weight  at  572°F.,  was  heated  until  it  had  completely  fused,  and 
analysis  showed  an  increased  alkalinity  equivalent  to  0.30  per 
cent,  of  carbon  dioxide  disengaged. 

If  the -calcium  and  magnesium  carbonates  present  in  the  puri- 
fied carbonate  were  entirely  converted  into  oxides  when  ignited 
at  low  red  heat  only  0.018  per  cent,  increased  alkalinity  would  be 
accounted  for. 

These  results,  considered  together  with  the  close  agreement 
between  the  other  standards  and  sodium  carbonate  ignited  at 
572°  F.,  are  very  convincing  arguments  in  favor  of  preparing 
standard  sodium  carbonate  in  this  manner. 

Standard  Acid. — Averaging  the  results  obtained  from  the 
different  standards  enumerated  above,  excepting  sodium  carbon- 
ate ignited  to  redness,  its  percentage  composition  was  found  to  be 
97.41  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid. 

This  acid  or  its  equivalent  was  used  for  standardizing  the 
caustic  soda  that  was  employed  for  all  analytical  determinations 
embraced  in  these  tables. 

The  burette  used  was  a  100-c.c.  chamber  burette  graduated 
from  95-100  c.c.  in  Ko  c.c.,  and  readable  to  Koo  c.c.  The 
burette  was  standardized  between  95  and  100  by  weighing  mer- 
cury delivered  every  J^  c.c.,  and  for  1  c.c.  the  mercury  was 
weighed  every  J^Q  c.c.;  the  readings  and  graduations  were  found 
to  be  accurate  to  Koo  c.c.  The  burette  was  frequently  cleaned 
with  strong  sulphuric  acid,  so  that  it  drained  perfectly  for  each 
determination. 

Standard  Sodium  Hydroxide  Solution. — This  solution  was  pre- 
pared from  c.p.  caustic  soda,  purified  by  baryta,  and  was  made 
of  such  strength  that  6  grams  of  standard  acid  required  95-98  c.c. 
Caustic  soda  purified  by  alcohol  is  not  suitable  for  this  purpose, 
as  it  does  not  drain  properly  in  the  burette,  but  produces  an  oily 
appearance.  To  standardize  this  solution,  using  methyl  orange 
as  indicator,  about  6  grams  of  the  standard  acid  were  quickly 
and  accurately  weighed  out,  diluted  with  about  400  c.c.  cold  dis- 


40  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

tilled  water  and  1  c.c.  of  a  J-{Q  Per  cent,  solution  of  methyl  orange 
added.  The  caustic  soda  solution  was  then  run  in  from  the  100- 
c.c.  chamber  burette  until  a  few  tenths  of  a  cubic  centimeter  ex- 
cess had  been  added,  and  after  3-min.  draining  the  burette  was 
read.  Standard  sulphuric  acid  of  strength  about  equivalent  to 
the  soda  solution  was  added  from  a  burette  until  a  trace  changed 
the  color  of  the  solution  from  yellow  to  orange.  The  end  point 
is  sharper  in  titrating  from  alkaline  to  acid  than  vice  versa. 

H2SO4  taken  -  H2SO4  2d  titration 

— — ^.  ^TT  -  =  grams  of  sulphuric  acid 

equivalent  to  1  c.c.  sodium  hydroxide  solution. 

A  thermometer  was  kept  in  the  standard  solution,  and  the 
temperature  at  which  the  solution  was  standardized  was  re- 
corded, and  in  making  a  subsequent  titration  at  any  other  tem- 
perature the  necessary  correction  was  applied  to  the  reading. 
The  correction  for  temperature  was  determined  with  the  pic- 
nometer,  as  described  above,  and  for  100  c.c.  of  solution  was 
found  to  be  0.015  c.c.  =  1°F.,  to  be  subtracted  when  the  tem- 
perature was  above  the  temperature  of  standardizing,  and  added 
when  below. 

Duplicate  titrations  agreed  within  0.03  c.c.  Methyl  orange 
was  used  in  titrating  nitric  acid,  hydrochloric  acid  and 
ammonia. 

To  standardize  with  phenolphthalein,  about  6  grams  of  the 
standard  acid  were  accurately  weighed  out  and  poured  into  a 
casserole  containing  about  25  c.c.  of  cold  water,  all  acid  being 
rinsed  from  a  small  weighing  beaker  into  the  casserole.  One 
cubic  centimeter  of  phenolphthalein  solution  (1  gram  per  liter) 
was  added,  and  the  sodium  hydroxide  solution  run  in  from  the 
100-c.c.  chamber  burette  until  within  about  0.5  c.c.  of  the  end 
point.  The  solution  was  then  boiled  for  5  min.  to  remove  carbon 
dioxide,  and  the  titration  finished  by  cutting  the  drops  from  the 
tip  of  the  burette  until  a  fraction  of  a  drop  produced  a  faint  pink 
color.  This  tint  was  carefully  noted,  and  all  analyses  run  to  the 


NITRIC-ACID  TABLE  41 

same  end  point.  By  boiling  for  exactly  5  min.,  provision  was 
made  for  uniform  draining  of  the  burette.  Duplicate  titrations 
agreed  within  0.02  c.c. 

While  the  limits  of  burette  reading  were  placed  at  0.03  c.c. 
when  methyl  orange  was  used,  and  0.02  c.c.  for  phenolphthalein, 
yet,  as  will  be  shown,  the  actual  duplicates  obtained  by  two  men 
working  independently  averaged  much  closer. 

Dividing  Burette. — The  dividing  burette  referred  to  under 
standardizing  with  sulphuric  anhydride  is  designed  for  accurately 
dividing  a  solution.  It  consists  of  a  burette  the  top  of  which  is 
drawn  to  a  capillary  and  bent  downward;  the  stop-cock  of  the 
burette  is  a  three-way  cock,  the  third  passage  being  connected 
to  a  vertical  tube  at  the  top  of  which  is  a  funnel  for 
filling  the  burette.  One  and  2-liter  flasks  with  small  necks 
were  graduated  by  running  from  the  burette  a  sufficient  number 
of  times  to  fill  the  flask  to  a  point  in  the  neck.  This  point  was 
carefully  checked,  and  in  subsequent  use,  it  was  always  filled 
to  this  mark/ 

The  amount  of  water  delivered  by  the  burette  was  weighed, 
and  the  weights  checked  within  0.004  gram,  or  Ms>ooo  of  the 
weight  of  one  burette  full.  In  measuring  out  an  equivalent  of 
5  grams  of  a  liquid  made  up  to  volume,  the  error  would  be  0.0002 
gram. 

The  tables  are  described  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  pre- 
pared during  a  period  of  nearly  3  years. 


NITRIC-ACID  TABLE 

The  c.p.  nitric  acid  employed  was  free  from  nitrous  and  hydro- 
chloric acids,  and  the  residue  upon  evaporation  at  212°F.  was 
too  small  to  affect  the  determinations.  This  acid  was  used  for 
all  samples  up  to  43°Be.,  and  for  the  stronger  samples  this  acid 
was  concentrated  by  distilling  with  pure  glacial  phosphoric  acid 
and  potassium  permanganate,  the  latter  to  prevent  the  formation 


42  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

of  nitrous  acid.  95.80  per  cent,  nitric  acid  was  the  strongest 
sample  obtainable,  for  above  this  point  the  acid  contained  large 
amounts  of  nitrous  acid. 

The  specific-gravity  determinations  were  made  as  described 
above,  and  at  the  same  time  the  picnometer  was  filled,  a  6  to 
8-gram  sample  was  weighed  in  a  small  weighing  tube  having  a 
ground-glass  stopper,  which  prevented  loss  while  weighing  and 
diluting.  The  sample  was  diluted  with  water  by  removing  the 
stopper  of  the  tube  with  a  glass  fork  while  immersed  in  a  casserole 
containing  approximately  400  c.c.  of  water.  The  titration  was 
then  made,  using  methyl  orange  as  indicator,  observing  the  con- 
ditions described  in  standardizing. 

Allowance  for  Temperature. — After  determining  the  specific 
gravity  of  the  different  strengths  employed  at  60°F.,  the  tem- 
perature was  raised  to  70°F.,  and  the  picnometer  weighed;  like- 
wise at  80°F.  from  this  data  the  allowance  for  temperature 
was  calculated,  and  was  found  to  be  uniform  for  a  given 
strength  of  acid.  At  43°Be*.  the  determinations  were  made 
from  50°  to  90°F. 

The  following  determinations  were  made,  and  from  these  the 
table  was  calculated  by  interpolation,  the  specific  gravity  and 
corresponding  percentage  composition  being  calculated  to  cor- 
respond with  each  0.25°Be. 

From  the  Baume*  the  corresponding  specific  gravity  was  calcu- 
lated by  the  formula: 

Degrees  Baume  =  145  —  5 ^ —     — r— 

Specific  gravity 

The  instability  of  96  per  cent,  nitric  acid  is  so  great  that  agree- 
ing determinations  were  difficult  to  obtain,  and  those  selected 
corresponded  with  the  differential  of  the  table  at  this  point. 


NITRIC-ACID  TABLE 


43 


Specific  gravity 

Per  cent.  HNOs 

Specific  gravity 

Per  cent.  HNOs 

1.08441 

14.49 

1.4506 

77.15 

1.4507 

77.16 

1.10951 

18.45 

1.4563 

78.78 

1  .  16591 

27.15 

1.4563 

78.80 

1.21091 

33.80 

1.4707 

82.88 

1.4707 

82.91 

1.2641 

41.77 

1.2643 

41.81 

1.4873 

88.33 

1.4871 

88.31 

1.3144 

49.69 

1.3144 

49.70 

1.4951 

91.42 

1.4950 

91.39 

1.3761 

60.45 

1.3760 

60.44 

1.4963 

91.92 

1.4961 

91.91 

1.4469 

76.57 

1.4471 

76.57 

1.5014 

94.59 

1.5014 

94.58 

1.4405 

74.84 

1.4404 

74.80 

1.5037 

95  64 

1.5044 

95.80 

1  These  determinations  are  the  average  of  results  that  checked  within 
0.0001  specific  gravity  and  0.02  per  cent.,  the  record  of  which  has  been  lost. 

The  following  will  show  the  comparative  sensitiveness  of  the 
analytical  determinations,  specific-gravity  determinations  and 
reading  of  a  delicate  Baume  hydrometer  and  thermometer  gradu- 
ated to  1°F.,  in  terms  of  specific  gravity: 


36. 

Anal.  det. 

Sp.-gr.  det. 

Be.  reading  Ho° 

15° 
30° 
45° 

0.00013  sp.  gr. 
0.00013  sp.  gr. 
0.  00008  sp.  gr. 

0.0001  sp.  gr. 
0.0001  sp.  gr. 
0.0001  sp.  gr. 

0.00044  sp.  gr. 
0.  00056  sp.  gr. 
0.  00072  sp.  gr. 

44  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

HYDROCHLORIC-ACID  TABLE 

The  purest  c.p.  hydrochloric  acid  obtainable  was  tested  for 
free  chlorine,  sulphuric  acid  and  residue  upon  evaporation  at 
212°F.  There  were  only  traces  of  impurities,  which  would  affect 
the  determinations  less  than  the  errors  of  manipulation. 

For  the  samples  above  22°Be.  this  acid  was  concentrated  by 
distilling  it  into  a  portion  cooled  in  ice  water.  42.61  per  cent, 
hydrochloric  acid  was  the  strongest  sample  upon  which  a  specific- 
gravity  determination  could  be  obtained  at  60°F.  Above  this 
point  bubbles  of  gas  were  formed  in  the  picnometer  when  warmed 
to  60°F. 

The  specific  gravity  and  allowance  for  temperature  were 
determined  as  in  the  case  of  nitric  acid.  The  allowance  for  tem- 
perature was  found  to  be  uniform  for  each  strength  of  acid; 
22°Be.  deteminations  were  made  from  50°  to  90°F. 

After  making  the  above  determinations  the  thermometer  of 
the  picnometer  was  withdrawn  while  the  bottle  was  immersed  in 
about  700  c.c.  of  water  in  a  large  casserole,  thus  avoiding  loss 
while  diluting.  The  bottle  was  carefully  washed  out  and  the 
dilute  acid  made  up  to  2  liters  in  a  flask  standardized  against  the 
100  c.c.,  dividing  burette  and  portions  of  this  solution  were  taken 
with  the  burette  for  titration  with  sodium  hydroxide.  Methyl 
orange  was  used  as  indicator,  the  same  conditions  used  in  stand- 
ardizing being  closely  followed,  about  98  c.c.  of  sodium  hydroxide 
solution  being  used  for  each  determination.  A  sample  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  was  analyzed  by  precipitating  with  silver  nitrate  and 
the  silver  chloride  calculated  to  hydrochloric  acid  checked  the 
results  obtained  by  titration. 


By  silver  chloride 

By  titration 

29.97  per  cent.  HC1 
29.  98  per  cent.  HC1 

29.  97  per  cent.  HC1 
30.  00  per  cent.  HC1 

HYDROCHLORIC-ACID  TABLE 


45 


The  following  determinations  were  made,  and  from  these  the 
table  was  calculated  by  interpolation,  the  specific  gravity  and 
corresponding  percentage  composition  being  calculated  for  each 
l°Be.  from  l°-5°,  0.25°Be.,  from  5°-16°  and  for  the  rest  of  the 
table  for  each  0.1  °Be. 


Specific  gravity 

Per  cent.  HC1 

Specific  gravity 

Per  cent.  HC1 

1.02813 
1.02815 

5.73 
5.73 

1  .  13926 
1.13928 

27.44 

27.47 

1.05353 
1.05359 

10.74 
10.73 

1  .  15277 
1  .  15273 

30.07 
30.04 

1  .  07676 
1.07678 

15.37 
15.37 

1  .  16642 
1  .  16652 

32.70 
32.72 

1.09670 
1.09664 

19.29 
19.28 

1.19918 
1.19902 

39.61 
39.56 

1.11440 
1.11442 

22.73 
22.76 

1  .  20586 
1  .  20584 

41.16 
41.13 

1  .  12300 
1  .  12300 

24.35 
24.37 

1.21140 
1.21120 

42.65 
42.57 

The  following  will  show  the  comparative  sensitiveness  of  the 
analytical  determinations,  specific  gravity  determination  and 
reading  of  a  delicate  Baume  hydrometer  and  thermometer  gradu- 
ated to  1°F.  in  terms  of  specific  gravity: 


Specific  gravity 

Anal.  det. 

Sp.-gr.  det. 

Be.  Ho° 

10° 

18° 
24° 

0  .  00004  sp.  gr. 
0.00015  sp.  gr. 
0.00012  sp.  gr. 

0.  00005  sp.  gr. 
0.  00005  sp.  gr. 
0.  00010  sp.  gr. 

0.  00027  sp.  gr. 
0.00031  sp.  gr. 
0.00033  sp.  gr. 

46  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

SULPHURIC-ACID  TABLE 

The  c.p.  sulphuric  acid  used  was  1.84  specific  gravity,  was 
free  from  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids  and  ammonia  and  gave  a 
trace  of  residue  upon  evaporation.  The  impurities  were  less 
than  enough  to  affect  either  the  specific  gravity  or  analytical 
determinations. 

The  specific-gravity  determinations  were  made  as  described 
above,  except  that  in  bringing  the  temperature  to  60°F.,  the 
picnometer  was  immersed  to  the  neck  in  a  beaker  of  water  a  few 
degrees  below  60°F.,  so  that  the  temperature  rose  slowly,  being 
the  same  inside  and  outside  when  capped. 

The  allowance  for  temperature  for  every  10°F.  between  50° 
and  90 °F.  was  determined  at  the  following  degrees  Baume": 
66,  63,  57,  51,  44,  36,  29,  21,  12.  It  was  found  to  be  practically 
uniform  for  a  given  strength  of  acid,  and  the  results  are  based  on 
a  range  of  40°F.,  the  table  giving  the  corrections  at  even  degrees 
Baume",  being  calculated  from  these  results  by  interpolation. 
Samples  were  taken  from  the  picnometer  for  analysis,  and  an 
amount  of  acid  was  weighed  out  each  time  which  would  require 
between  95  and  100  c.c.  of  soda  solution.  With  the  weakest 
samples  a  more  dilute  standard  soda  solution  was  used,  but  the 
same  conditions  as  used  in  standardizing  with  phenolphthalein 
were  closely  observed  in  all  cases. 

The  boiling-point  determinations  were  made  in  a  200  c.c.  long- 
necked  flask,  using  about  100  c.c.  of  acid  in  each  case.  A  certi- 
fied thermometer  accurate  to  1°F.  was  suspended  in  the  acid. 
A  small  piece  of  porcelain  was  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  flask 
to  facilitate  boiling.  The  flask  was  gradually  heated  with  a  free 
flame  and  the  temperature  recorded  when  boiling  was  first 
perceptible. 

The  following  determinations  were  made,  and  from  these  the 
table  was  calculated  by  interpolation,  the  specific  gravity  and  the 
corresponding  percentage  composition  being  calculated  for  each 
degree  Baume  from  0°-64°  and  for  each  >£0Be.  from  64°-e6°Be. 


SULPHURIC-ACID  TABLE 


47 


From  the  Baume*  the  corresponding  specific  gravity  was  calcu- 

145 
lated  by  the  formula:  Degrees  Baume  =  145  -  specific gravity 

The  degree  Twaddle  was  calculated  by  dividing  the ,  decimal 
part  of  the  specific  gravity  by  0.005. 


Specific  gravity 

Per  cent.  HZSO< 

Specific  gravity 

Per  cent.  HjSOi 

1  .  00488 

0.713 

1  .  52814 

62.342 

1.00468 

0.701 

1.52803 

62.334 

1.03471 

5.145 

1  .  54403 

63.792 

1.03470 

5.142 

1  .  54399 

63.776 

1.06488 

9.473 

1  .  57481 

66.518 

1.06472 

9.469 

1.57482 

66.515 

1.09918 

14.221 

1.62722 

70.990 

1.09912 

14.217 

1.62723 

71.000 

1  .  13532 

19.042 

1.66807 

74.480 

1  .  13532 

19.041 

1.66773 

74.438 

1.17362 

23.936 

1.70438 

77.546 

1  .  17344 

23.929 

1.70449 

77.555 

1.21051 

28.549 

1  .  72577 

79.377 

1.21045 

28.543 

1.72576 

79.398 

1.25129 

33.488 

1.74733 

81.322 

1.25132 

33.484 

1.74714 

81  .  324 

1.29513 

38.651 

1.77002 

83.482 

1.29507 

38.631 

1.76987 

83.467 

1.34415 

44.149 

1  .  79590 

86.364 

1.34403 

44.140 

1.79603 

86.363 

1.39469 

49.521 

1.81185 

88.534 

1.39460 

49.519 

1.81163 

88.527 

1.43084 

53.193 

1.81939 

89.752 

1.43072 

53.175 

1.81929 

89.732 

1.46673 

56.674 

1.82756 

91.337 

1.46678 

56.675 

1.82750 

91.308 

1.48219 

58.143 

1.83557 

93.219 

1.48225 

58.128 

1.83555 

93.226 

48 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


The  following  will  show  the  comparative  sensitiveness  of  the 
analytical  determinations,  the  specific-gravity  determinations, 
and  the  reading  of  a  delicate  Baume  hydrometer  and  thermometer 
graduated  to  1°F.,  in  terms  of  a  specific  gravity: 


B6. 

Anal.  det. 

Sp.-gr.  det. 

B6.  Ko° 

20° 
50° 
66° 

0.  00007  sp.  gr. 
0.00005  sp.  gr. 
0.00004  sp.  gr. 

0.00005  sp.  gr. 
0.00005  sp.  gr. 
0.00006  sp.  gr. 

0.00024  sp.  gr. 
0.  00040  sp.  gr. 
0.00057  sp.  gr. 

The  following  chemists,  my  assistants,  aided  in  the  preparation 
of  the  tables : 

W.  P.  KERN,  B.  S.  N.  A.  LAURY,  B.  S. 

J.  G.  MELENDY,  B.  S.  A.  J.  LOTKA,  B.  Sc. 

HARDEE  CHAMBLISS,  M.  S.,  PH.  D.  C.  A.  BIGELOW,  B.  S. 

H.  B.  BISHOP,  B.  S.  A.  F.  WAY,  B.  S. 

W.  W.  SANDERS,  B.  S.  H.  P.  MERRIAM,  PH.  D. 

T.  LYNTON  BRIGGS,  F.  I.  C.,  F.  C.  S. 

Such  merit  as  these  tables  possess  is  largely  due  to  these  gentle- 
men, but  more  especially  to  Mr.  Bishop  who  had  immediate 
charge  of,  and  participated  in  most  of  the  determinations,  and 
who  shared  with  the  writer  the  preparation  of  this  paper. 


NITRIC  ACID 


49 


NITRIC  ACID 
BY  W.  C.  FERGUSON 


Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 
60°F 
60° 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
HNOa 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 
60°F 
60°    ' 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
HNOi 

10.00 

1.0741 

14.82 

12.86 

20.75 

.1671 

33.42 

27.33 

10.25 

1.0761 

15.22 

13.18 

21.00 

.1694 

33.88 

27.67 

10.  J  50 

1.0781 

15.62 

13.49 

21.25 

.1718 

34.36 

28.02 

10.75 

1.0801 

16.02 

13.81 

21.50 

.1741 

34.82 

28.36 

11.00 

1.0821 

16.42 

14.13 

21.75 

.1765 

35.30 

28.72 

11.25 

1.0841 

16.82 

14.44 

22.00 

.1789 

35.78 

29.07 

11.50 

.0861 

17.22 

14.76 

22.25 

.1813 

36.26 

29.43 

11.75 

.0881 

17.62 

15.07 

22.50 

.1837 

36.74 

29.78 

12.00 

.0902 

18.04 

15.41 

22.75 

1  .  1861 

37.22 

30.14 

12.25 

.0922 

18.44 

15.72 

23.00 

1  .  1885 

37.70 

30.49 

12.50 

.0943 

18.86 

16.05 

23.25 

1.1910 

38.20 

30.86 

12.75 

1.0964 

19.28 

16.39 

23.50 

.1934 

38.68 

31.21 

13.00 

1.0985 

19.70 

16.72 

23.75 

.1959 

39.18 

31.58 

13.25 

1.1006 

20.12 

17.05 

24.00 

.1983 

39.66 

31.94 

13.50 

1  .  1027 

20.54 

17.38 

24.25 

.2008 

40.16 

32.31 

13.75 

.1048 

20.96 

17.71 

24.50 

.2033 

40.66 

32.68 

14.00 

.1069 

21.38 

18.04 

24.75 

.2058 

41.16 

33.05 

14.25 

.1090 

21.80 

18.37 

25.00 

.2083 

41.66 

33.42 

14.50 

.1111 

22.22 

18.70 

25:25 

.2109 

42.18 

33.80 

14.75 

.1132 

22.64 

19.02 

25.50 

.2134 

42.68 

34.17 

15.00 

.1154 

23.08 

19.36 

25.75 

.2160 

43.20 

34.56 

15.25 

.1176 

23.52 

19.70 

26.00 

.2185 

43.70 

34.94 

15.50 

.1197 

23.94 

20.02 

26.25 

1.2211 

44.22 

35.33 

15.75 

.1219 

24.38 

20.36 

26.50 

1  .  2236 

44.72 

35.70 

16.00 

.1240 

24.80 

20.69 

26.75 

1  .  2262 

45.24 

36.09 

16.25 

.1262 

25.24 

21.03 

27.00 

1.2288 

45.76 

36.48 

16.50 

.1284 

25.68 

21.36 

27.25 

1.2314 

46.28 

36.87 

16.75 

.1306 

26.12 

21.70 

27.50 

1.2340 

46.80 

37.26 

17.00 

.1328 

26.56 

22.04 

27.75 

.2367 

47.34 

37.67 

17.25 

.1350 

27.00 

22.38 

28.00 

.2393 

47.86 

38.06 

17.50 

.1373 

27.46 

22.74 

28.25 

.2420 

48.40 

38.46 

17.75 

.1395 

27.90 

23.08 

28.50 

.2446 

48.92 

38.85 

18.00 

.1417 

28.34 

23.42 

28.75 

.2473 

49.46 

39.25 

18.25 

.1440 

28.80 

23.77 

29.00 

.2500 

50.00 

39.66 

18.50 

.1462 

29.24 

24.11 

29.25 

.2527 

50.54 

40.06 

18.75 

.1485 

29.70 

24.47 

29.50 

.2554 

51.08 

40.47 

19.00 

.1508 

30.16 

24.82 

29.75 

.2582 

51.64 

40.89 

19.25 

.1531 

30.62 

25.18 

30.00 

.2609 

52.18 

41.30 

19.50 

.1554 

31.08 

25.53 

30.25 

.2637 

52.74 

41.72 

19.75 

.1577 

31.54 

25.88 

30.50 

.2664 

53.28 

42.14 

20.00 

.1600 

32.00 

26.24 

30.75 

.2692 

53.84 

42.58 

20.25 

.1624 

32.48 

26.61 

31.00 

.2719 

54.38 

43.00 

20.50 

1.1647 

32.94 

26.96 

31.25 

.2747 

54.94 

43.44 

50 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


NITRIC  ACID — (Concluded) 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

?O!F 

60°     ' 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
HNOa 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

«°!F 

60° 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
HNOs 

31.50 

.2775 

55  .  50 

43.89 

40.25 

1  .  3843 

76.86 

62.07 

31.75 

.2804 

56.08 

44.34 

40.50 

1.3876 

77.52 

62.77 

32.00 

.2832 

56.64 

44.78 

40.75 

1.3909 

78.18 

63.48 

32.25 

.2861 

57.22 

45.24 

41.00 

1.3942 

78.84 

64.20 

32.50 

.2889 

57.78 

45.68 

41.25 

1.3976 

79.52 

64.93 

32.75 

.2918 

58.36 

46.14 

41.50 

1.4010 

80.20 

65.67 

33.00 

.2946 

58.92 

46.58 

41.75 

1.4044 

80.88 

66.42 

33.25 

.2975 

59.50 

47.04 

42.00 

1  .  4078 

81.56 

67.18 

33.50 

.3004 

60.08 

47.49 

42.25 

1.4112 

82.24 

67.95 

33.75 

.3034 

60.68 

47.95 

42.50 

1.4146 

82.92 

68.73 

34.00 

.3063 

61.26 

48.42 

42.75 

1.4181 

83.62 

69.52 

34.25 

.3093 

61.86 

48.90 

43.00 

1.4216 

84.32 

70.33 

34.50 

.3122 

62.44 

49.35 

43.25 

1.4251 

85.02 

71.15 

34.75 

.3152 

63.04 

49.83 

43.50 

1  .  4286 

85.72 

71.98 

35.00 

.3182 

63.64 

50.32 

43.75 

.4321 

86.42 

72.82 

35.25 

.3212 

64.24 

50.81 

44.00 

.4356 

87.12 

73.67 

35.50 

.3242 

64.84 

51.30 

44.25 

.4392 

87.84 

74.53 

35.75 

.3273 

65.46 

51.80 

44.50 

.4428 

88.56 

75.40 

36.00 

.3303 

66.06 

52.30 

44.75 

.4464 

89.28 

76.28 

36.25 

.3334 

66.68 

52.81 

45.00 

.4500 

90.00 

77.17 

36.50 

.3364 

67.28 

53.32 

45  .  25 

.4536 

90.72 

78.07 

36.75 

.3395 

67.90 

53.84 

45.50 

.4573 

91.46 

79.03 

37.00 

.3426 

68.52 

54.36 

45.75 

.4610 

92.20 

80.04 

37.25 

.3457 

69.14 

54.89 

46.00 

.4646 

92.92 

81.08 

37.50 

.3488 

69.76 

55.43 

46.25 

.4684 

93.68 

82.18 

37.75 

.3520 

70.40 

55.97 

46.50 

1.4721 

94.42 

83.33 

38.00 

.3551 

71.02 

56.52 

46.75 

1.4758 

95.16 

84.48 

38.25 

.3583 

71.66 

57.08 

47.00 

1.4796 

95.92 

85.70 

38.50 

.3615 

72.30 

57.65 

47.25 

1  .  4834 

96.68 

86.98 

38.75 

.3647 

72.94 

58.23 

47.50 

1  .  4872 

97.44 

88.32 

39.00 

.3679 

73.58 

58.82 

47.75 

1.4910 

98.20 

89.76 

39.25 

.3712 

74.24 

59.43 

48.00 

1  .  4948 

98.96 

91.35 

39.50 

.3744 

74.88 

60.06 

48.25 

1  .  4987 

99.74 

93.13 

39.75 

.3777 

75.54 

60.71 

48.50 

1.5026 

100.52 

95.11 

40.00 

1.3810 

76.20 

61.38 

Specific  gravity  determinations  were  made  at  60°F.,  compared  with  water  at  60°F. 
From  the  specific  gravities,  the  corresponding  degrees  Baum6  were  calculated  by  the 

following  formula:  = 145 

specific  gravity 

Baume  hydrometers  for  use  with  this  table  must  be  graduated  by  the  above  formula, 
which  formula  should  always  be  printed  on  the  scale. 

Atomic  weights  from  F.  W.  Clarke's  table  of  1901.     O  =  16. 

ALLOWANCE  FOR  TEMPERATURE 

At  10°-20°  Be.— Ho°Be.  or  .00029  specific  gravity  =  1°F. 
20°-30°  Be.— ^3°Be.  or  .00044  specific  gravity  =  1°F. 
30°-40°  Be.— ^o°Be.  or  .  00060  specific  gravity  =  1°F. 
40°-48.5°Be.— M7°Be.  or  .00084  specific  gravity  »  1°F. 

AUTHORITY — W.  C.  FERGUSON 

This  table  has  been  approved  and  adopted  as  a  Standard  by  the  Manufacturing  Chemists' 
Association  of  the  United  States.      W.  H.  BOWER,  JAS.  L.  MORGAN, 

HENRY  HOWARD,  ARTHUR  WYMAN. 

A.    G.    ROSENGARTEN, 

New  York,  May  14,  1903,  Executive  Committee. 


HYDROCHLORIC  ACID 


51 


HYDROCHLORIC  ACID 
BY  W.  C.  FERGUSON 


Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 
60° 
60*K 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
HC1 

Degrees 
Baum^ 

Specific 

wi* 

GO0*' 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
HC1 

1.00 

.0069 

1.38 

1.40 

15.00 

1.1154 

23.08 

22.92 

2.00 

.0140 

2.80 

2.82 

15.25 

1.1176 

23.52 

23.33 

3.00 

.0211 

4.22 

4.25 

15.50 

1.1197 

23.94 

23.75 

4.00 

.0284 

5.68 

5.69 

15.75 

1.1219 

24.38 

24.16 

5.00 

.0357 

7.14 

7.15 

16.0 

1.1240 

24.80 

24.57 

5.25 

.0375 

7.50 

7.52 

16.1 

1  .  1248 

24.96 

24.73 

5.50 

.0394 

7.88 

7.89 

16.2 

1  .  1256 

25.12 

24.90 

5.75 

.0413 

8.26 

8.26 

16.3 

.1265 

25.30 

25.06 

6.00 

.0432 

8.64 

8.64 

16.4 

.1274 

25.48 

25.23 

6.25 

.0450 

9.00 

9.02 

16.5 

.1283 

25.66 

25.39 

6.50 

.0469 

9.38 

9.40 

16.6 

.1292 

25.84 

25.56 

6.75 

.0488 

9.76 

9.78 

16.7 

.1301 

26.02 

25.72 

7.00 

.0507 

10.14 

10.17 

16.8 

.1310 

26.20 

25.89 

7.25 

.0526 

10.52 

10.55 

16.9 

.1319 

26.38 

26.05 

7.50 

.0545 

10.90 

10.94 

17.0 

.1328 

26.56 

26.22 

7.75 

.0564 

11.28 

11.32 

17.1 

.1336 

26.72 

26.39 

8.00 

.0584 

11.68 

11.71 

17.2 

.1345 

26.90 

26.56 

8.25 

.0603 

12.06 

12.09 

17.3 

.1354 

27.08 

26.73 

8.50 

.0623 

12.46 

12.48 

17.4 

.1363 

27.26 

26.90 

8.75 

.0642 

12.84 

12.87 

17.5 

.1372 

27.44 

27.07 

9.00 

.0662 

13.24 

13.26 

17.6 

.1381 

27.62 

27.24 

9.25 

.0681 

13.62 

13.65 

17.7 

.1390 

27.80 

27.41 

9.50 

.0701 

14.02 

14.04 

17.8 

.1399 

27.98 

27.58 

9.75 

.0721 

14.42 

14.43 

17.9 

.1408 

28.16 

27.75 

10.00 

.0741 

14.82 

14.83 

18.0 

.1417 

28.34 

27.92 

10.25 

.0761 

15.22 

15.22 

18.1 

.  1426 

28.52 

28.09 

10.50 

.0781 

15.62 

15.62 

18.2 

.1435 

28.70 

28.26 

10.75 

.0801 

16.02 

16.01 

18.3 

.1444 

28.88 

28.44 

11.00 

.0821 

16.42 

16.41 

18.4 

.1453 

29.06 

28.61 

11.25 

.0841 

16.82 

16.81 

18.5 

.1462 

29.24 

28.78 

11.50 

.0861 

17.22 

17.21 

18.6 

1.1471 

29.42 

28.95 

11.75 

.0881 

17.62 

17.61 

18.7 

1.1480 

29.60 

29.13 

12.00 

.0902 

18.04 

18.01 

18.8 

1.1489 

29.78 

29.30 

12.25 

.0922 

18.44 

18.41 

18.9 

.1498 

29.96 

29.48 

12.50 

.0943 

18.86 

18.82 

10.0 

.1508 

30.16 

29.65 

12.75 

.0964 

19.28 

19.22 

K.i 

.1517 

30.34 

29.83 

13.00 

.0985 

19.70 

19.63 

19.2 

.1526 

30.52 

30.00 

13.25 

1.1006 

20.12 

20.04 

19.3 

.1535 

30.70 

30.18 

13.50 

1.1027 

20.54 

20.45 

19.4 

.1544 

30.88 

30.35 

13.75 

1.1048 

20.96 

20.86 

19.5 

.1554 

31.08 

30.53 

14.00 

1  .  1069 

21.38 

21.27 

19.6 

.1563 

31.26 

30.71 

14.25 

1.1090 

21.80 

21.68 

19.7 

.1572 

31.44 

30.90 

14.50 

1.1111 

22.22 

22.09 

19.8 

.1581 

31.62 

31.08 

14.75 

1.1132 

22.64 

22.50 

19.9 

.1590 

31.80 

31.27 

52 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 
HYDROCHLORIC  ACID — (Concluded] 


Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

^2!F 

60° 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
HC1 

Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 

«°!F 
60° 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
HC1 

20.0 

1  .  1600 

32.00 

31.45 

22.8 

1  .  1866 

37.32 

36.73 

20.1 

1.1609 

32.18 

31.64 

22.9 

1  .  1875 

37.50 

36.93 

20.2 

1.1619 

32.38 

31.82 

23.0 

1  .  1885 

37.70 

37.14 

20.3 

1  .  1628 

32.56 

32.01 

23.1 

1.1895 

37.90 

37.36 

20.4 

1  .  1637 

32.74 

32.19 

23.2 

1  .  1904 

38.08 

37.58 

20.5 

1.1647 

32.94 

32.38 

23.3 

1.1914 

38.28 

37.80 

20.6 

1  .  1656 

33.12 

32.56 

23.4 

1  .  1924 

38.48 

38  .  03 

20.7 

1  .  1666 

33.32 

32.75 

23.5 

1  .  1934 

38.68 

38.26 

20.8 

1  .  1675 

33.50 

32.93 

23.6 

1  .  1944 

38.88 

38.49 

20.9 

1  .  1684 

33.68 

33.12 

23.7 

1  .  1953 

39.06 

38.72 

21.0 

1.1694 

33.88 

33.31 

23.8 

1  .  1963 

39.26 

38.95 

21.1 

1  .  1703 

34.06 

33.50 

23.9 

1.1973 

39.46 

39.18 

21.2 

1.1713 

34.26 

33.69 

24.0 

1.1983 

39.66 

39.41 

21.3 

1  .  1722 

34.44 

33.88 

24.1 

1.1993 

39.86 

39.64 

21.4 

1  .  1732 

34.64 

34.07 

24.2 

1.2003 

40.06 

39.86 

21.5 

1.1741 

34.82 

34.26 

24.3 

1.2013 

40.26 

40.09 

21.6 

1.1751 

35.02 

34.45 

24.4 

1  .  2023 

40.46 

40.32 

21.7 

.1760 

35.20 

34.64 

24.5 

1  .  2033 

40.66 

40.55 

21.8 

.1770 

35.40 

34.83 

24.6 

1  .  2043 

40.86 

40.78 

21.9 

.1779 

35.58 

35.02 

24.7 

1  .  2053 

41.06 

41.01 

22.0 

.1789 

35.78 

35.21 

24.8 

1.2063 

41.26 

41.24 

22.1 

.1798 

35.96 

35.40 

24.9 

1.2073 

41.46 

41.48 

22.2 

.1808 

36.16 

35.59 

25.0 

1.2083 

41.66 

41.72 

22.3 

.1817 

36.34 

35.78 

25.1 

1.2093 

41.86 

41.99 

22.4 

.1827 

36.54 

35.97 

25.2 

1.2103 

42.06 

42.30 

22.5 

.1836 

36.72 

36.16 

25.3 

1.2114 

42.28 

42.64 

22.6 

.1846 

36.92 

36.35 

25.4 

1.2124 

42.48 

43.01 

22.7 

.1856 

37.12 

36.54 

25.5 

1.2134 

42.68 

43.40 

Specific-gravity  determinations  were  made  at  60°F.,  compared  with  water 
at  60°F. 

From  the  specific  gravities,  the  corresponding  degrees  Baume"  were  calcu- 
ated  by  the  following  formula : 

145 

Degrees  Baume  =  145  —  r^ : — 

specific  gravity 

Atomic  weights  from  F.  W.  Clarke's  table  of  1901.     O  =  16. 

ALLOWANCE  FOR  TEMPERATURE 
lO-lS'Be".— Mo°Be.  or  .0002    sp.  gr.  for  1°F. 
15-22°Be.— Ho°Be.  or  .0003    sp.  gr.  for  1°F. 
22-25°Be.— H8°Be.  or  .00035  sp.  gr.  for  1°F. 
AUTHORITY — W.  C.  FERGUSON 

This  table  has  been  approved  and  adopted  as  a  Standard  by  the  Manufac- 
turing Chemists'  Association  of  the  United  States. 

W.  H.  BOWER,  JAS.  L.  MORGAN, 

HENRY  HOWARD,  ARTHUR  WYMAN. 

A.  G.  ROSENGARTEN, 
New  York,  May  14,  1903.  Executive  Committee. 


TABLE  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 


BY  W.  C.  FERGUSON  AND  H.  P.  TALBOT 


54 


HANDBOOK 


SULPHURIC  ACTD 
BY  W.  C.  FERGUSON  AND'HJP.  TAMJOT 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

™!F 

60°*' 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Weight  of 
1  cu.  ft.  in 
Ib.    av. 

Per  cent. 
O.  V. 

Pounds  O.  V. 
in  1  cui  ft. 

0 

1.0000 

0.0 

0.00 

62.37 

0.00 

0.00    , 

1 

1.0069 

1.4 

1.02 

62.80 

1.09 

0.68 

2 

1.0140 

2.8 

2.08 

63.24 

2.23 

1.41    , 

3 

1.0211 

4.2 

3.13 

63.69 

3.36 

2.14 

4 

1.0284 

5.7 

4.21 

64.14 

4.52 

2.90 

5 

1.0357 

7.1 

5.28 

64.60 

5.67 

3.66 

6 

1.0432 

8.6 

6.37 

65.06 

6.84 

4.45 

7 

1.0507 

10.1 

7.45 

65.53 

7.99 

5.24 

8 

1.0584 

11.7 

8.55 

66.01 

9.17 

6.06 

9 

1.0662 

13.2 

9.66 

66.  ,50 

10.37 

6.89 

10 

1.0741 

14.8 

10.77 

66.99 

11.56 

7.74    j 

11 

1.0821 

16.4 

11.89 

67.49 

12.76 

8.61 

12 

1.0902 

18.0 

13.01 

68.00 

13.96 

9.49 

13 

1.0985 

19.7 

14.13 

68.51 

15.16 

10.39 

14 

1  .  1069 

21.4 

15.25 

69.04 

16.36 

11.30 

15 

1-.1154 

23.1 

16.38 

69.57 

17.58 

12.23 

16 

1.1240 

24.8 

17.53 

70.10 

18.81 

13.19 

17 

1.1328 

26.6 

18.71 

70.65 

20.08 

14.18 

18 

1.1417 

28.3 

19.89 

71.21 

21.34 

15.20 

19 

1.1508 

30.2 

21.07 

71.78 

22.61 

16.23 

20 

1.1600 

32.0 

22.25 

72.35 

23.87 

17.27 

21 

1.1694 

33.9 

23.43 

72.94 

25.14 

18.34 

22 

1.1789 

35.8 

24.61 

73.53 

26.41 

19.42 

23 

1.1885 

37.7 

25.81 

74.13 

27.69 

20.53 

24 

1.1983 

39.7 

27.03 

74.74 

29.00 

21.68 

Specific  Gravity  determinations  were  made  at  60°F.,  compared  with  water 
at  60°F. 

From  the  Specific  Gravities,  the  corresponding  degrees  Baume"  were  cal- 

145 

tfulated  by  the  following  formula :  Degrees  Baume  =  145  —  ~ ^ — ~ r— • 

Specific  Gravity 

Baume  hydrometers  for  use  with  this  table  must  be  graduated  by  the 
above  formula,  which  formula  should  always  be  printed  on  the  scale. 
66°Be*.  =  specific  gravity  1.8354  =  Oil  of  Vitriol  (O.  V.). 

1  cu.  ft.  water  at  60°F.  weighs  62.37  Ib.  av. 
Atomic  weights  from  F.  W.  Clarke's  table  of  1901.     O  =  16. 

H2SO4  =  100  per  cent. 
Per  cent.        Per  cent  Per  cent. 

H2SO4  O.  V.  60° 

O.  V.  =  93.19  =  10000  =  119.98 
60°  =  77.67  =  83.35  =  100.00 
50°  =  62.18  =  66.72  =  80.06 


SULPHURIC  ACID 


55 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
BY  W.  C.  FERGUSON  AND  H.  P.  TALBOT 


Degrees 
Baume 

Freezing1 
(melting) 
points,  °F. 

APPROXIMATE  BOILING  POINTS 
50°Be\,  295°F. 

60°Be.,  386°F. 

0 

32.0 

61°Be".,  400°F. 

1 

31.2 

62°Be.,  415°F. 

2 

30.5 

63°Be.,  432°F. 

3 

29.8 

64°Be".,  451°F. 

4 

28.9 

65°Be.,  485°F. 

5 

28.1 

66°B<§.,  538°F. 

6 

27.2 

FIXED  POINTS 

7 

26.3 

8 
9 

25.1 
24.0 

Specific 
gravity 

Per  cent. 
HjSO* 

Specific 
gravity 

Per  cent. 
H,S04 

10 

22  8 

-1V/ 

11 

£t£t  .  O 

21.5 

.0000 

0.00 

.5281 

62.34 

12 

20.0 

.0048 

0.71 

.5440           63.79 

13 

18.3 

.0347 

5.14 

.5748 

66.51 

14 

16.6 

.0649 

9.48 

.6272 

71.00 

15 
16 
17 

10 

14.7 
12.6 
10.2 

77 

.0992 
.1353 
.1736 
.2105 

14.22 
19.04 
23.94 
28.55 

.6679 
.7044 
.7258 
.7472 

74.46 
77.54 
79.40 
81.32 

lo 

in 

.  i 

40 

.2513 

33.49 

.7700 

83.47 

J.  t/ 

.  O 

.2951 

38.64 

.7959 

86.36 

20 

+   1.6 

1.3441 

44.15 

.8117 

88.53 

21 

-   1.8 

1.3947 

49.52 

.8194 

89.75 

22 

-  6.0 

1.4307 

53.17 

.8275 

91.32 

23 

-11.0 

1.4667 

56.68 

.8354 

93.19 

24 

-16.0 

1.4822 

.      58.14 

Acids  stronger  than  66°B6.  should  have  their  percentage  compositions 
determined  by  chemical  analysis. 

AUTHORITIES — W.  C.  FERGUSON;  H.  P.  TALBOT. 

This  table  has  been  approved  and  adopted  as  a  standard  by  the  Manu- 
facturing Chemists'  Association  of  the  United  States. 

W.  H.  BOWER, 
HENRY  HOWARD, 
JAS.  L.  MORGAN, 
ARTHUR  WYMAN, 
A.  G.  ROSENGARTEN, 
New  York,  June  23,  1904.  Executive  Committee. 

1  Calculated  from  Pickering's  results,  Jour.  Lon.  Chem.  Soc.,  vol.  57,  p.  363. 


56 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 
SULPHURIC  ACID — (Continued) 


Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 
60^ 
60° 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
H2SO4 

Weight  of 
1  cu.  ft.  in 
Ib     av. 

Per  cent. 
O.  V. 

Pounds  O.  V. 
in  1  cu.  ft. 

25 

1.2083 

41.7 

28.28 

75.36 

30.34 

22.87 

26 

1.2185 

43.7 

29.53 

76.00 

31.69 

24.08 

27 

1  .  2288 

45.8 

30.79 

76.64 

33.04 

25.32 

28 

1  .  2393 

47.9 

32.05 

77.30 

34.39 

26.58 

29 

1  .  2500 

50.0 

33.33 

77.96 

35.76 

27.88 

30 

1.2609 

52.2 

34.63 

78.64 

37.16 

29.22 

31 

1.2719 

54.4 

35.93 

79.33 

38.55 

30.58 

32 

1  .  2832 

56.6 

37.26 

80.03 

39.98 

32.00 

33 

1  .  2946 

58.9 

38:58 

80.74 

41.40 

33.42 

34 

1  .  3063 

61.3 

39.92 

81.47 

42.83 

34.90 

35 

1.3182 

63.6 

41.27 

82.22 

44.28 

36.41 

36 

1.3303 

66.1 

42.63 

82.97 

45.74 

37.95 

37 

1.3426 

68.5 

43.99 

83.74 

47.20 

39.53 

38 

1.3551 

71.0 

45.35 

84.52 

48.66 

41.13 

39 

1.3679 

73.6 

46.72 

85.32 

50.13 

42.77 

40 

1.3810 

76.2 

48.10 

86.13 

51.61 

44.45 

41 

1.3942 

78.8 

49.47 

86.96 

53.08 

46.16 

42 

.4078 

81.6 

50.87 

87.80 

54.58 

47.92 

43 

.4216 

84.3 

52.26 

88.67 

56.07 

49.72 

44 

.4356 

87.1 

53  .  66 

89.54 

57.58 

51.56 

45 

.4500 

90.0 

55.07  ' 

90.44 

59.09 

53.44 

46 

.4646 

92.9 

56.48 

91  .  35 

60.60 

55.36 

47 

.4796 

95.9 

57.90 

92.28 

62.13 

57.33 

48 

.4948 

99.0 

59.32 

93.23 

63.65 

59.34 

49 

.5104 

102.1 

60.75 

94.20 

65.18 

61.40 

50 

.5263 

105.3 

62.18 

95.20 

66.72 

63.52 

51 

.5426 

108.5 

63.66 

96.21 

68.31 

65.72 

52 

.5591 

111.8 

65.13 

97.24 

69.89 

67.96 

53 

.5761 

115.2 

66.63 

98.30 

71.50 

70.28 

54 

.5934 

118.7 

68.13 

99.38 

73.11 

72.66 

55 

.6111 

122.2 

69.65 

100.48 

74.74 

75.10 

56 

.6292 

125.8 

71.17 

101.61 

76.37 

77.60 

57 

.6477 

129.5 

72.75 

102.77 

78.07 

80.23 

58 

.6667 

133.3 

74.36 

103.95 

79.79 

82.95 

59 

.6860 

137.2 

75.99 

105.16 

81.54 

85.75 

SULPHURIC  ACID 
SULPHURIC  ACID — (Continued} 


57 


Degrees 
Baume 

Freezing1 
(melting) 
points  °F. 

25 

-23 

ALLOWANCE  FOR  TEMPERATURE 

26 

-30 

At  10°Be.  .029°  Be.  or  .00023  sp.  gr.  =     °F. 

27 

-39 

At  20°Be.  .036°  Be.  or  .00034  sp.  gr.  =     °F. 

28 

-49 

At  30°Be.  .035°  Be.  or  .00039  sp.  gr.  =     °F. 

29 

-61 

At  40°Be.  .031°  Be.  or  .00041  sp.  gr.  =     °F. 

At  50°Be*.  .028°  Be.  or  .00045  sp.  gr.  =    °F. 

30 

-74 

At  60°Be.  .026°  Be.  or  .00053  sp.  gr.  =    °F. 

31 

-82 

At  63°Be.  .026°  Be.  or  .00057  sp.  gr.  =     °F. 

32 

-96 

At  66°Be.  .0235°Be.  or  .00054  sp.  gr.  =    °F. 

33 

-97 

34 

-91 

35 

-81 

36 

—  70 

Ovl 

37 

38 

-60 
-53 

Per  cent. 
60°Be. 

Pounds 
60°  Be.  in 
1  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent. 
50°Be. 

Pounds 
50°Be.  in 
1  cu.  ft. 

39 

-47 

40 

-41 

61.93 

53.34 

77.36 

66.63 

41 

-35 

63.69 

55.39 

79.56 

69.19 

42 

-31 

65.50 

57.50 

81.81 

71.83 

43 

-27 

67.28 

59.66 

84.05 

74.53 

44 

-23 

69.09 

61.86 

86.30 

77.27 

45 

-20 

70.90 

64.12 

88.56 

80.10 

46 

-14 

72.72 

66.43 

90.83 

82.98 

47 

-15 

74.55 

68.79 

93.12 

85.93 

48 

-18 

76.37              71.20 

95.40 

88.94 

49 

-22 

78.22 

73.68 

97.70 

92.03 

50 

-27 

80.06 

76.21 

100.00 

95.20 

51 

-33 

81.96 

78.85 

102.38 

98.50 

52 

-39 

83.86 

81.54 

104.74 

101.85 

53 

-49 

85.79 

84.33 

107.15 

105.33 

54 

-59 

87.72 

87.17 

109.57 

108.89 

55 

.  }  o            89.67 

90.10 

112.01 

112.55 

56 

91.63 

93.11 

114.46 

116.30 

57 

...   f  |            93.67 

96.26 

117.00 

120.24 

58 

95.74 

99.52 

119.59 

124.31 

59 

_7  ;  ffl 

97.84 

102.89 

122.21 

128.52 

Calculated  from  Pickering's  results,  Jour.  Lon.  Chern.  Soc.,  vol.  57,  p.  363. 


58 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 
SULPHURIC  ACID — (Concluded] 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Specific 
gravity 

62!F 
60°  *• 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent. 
H2SO4 

Weight  of 
1  cu.  ft.  in 
Ibs.  av. 

Per  cent. 
0.  V. 

Pounds  O.  V. 
in  1  cu.  ft. 

60 

1.7059 

141.2 

77.67 

106  .  40 

83.35 

88.68 

61 

1.7262 

145.2 

79.43 

107.66 

85.23 

91.76 

62 

1.7470 

149.4 

81.30 

108  .  96 

87.24 

95.06 

63 

1.7683 

153.7 

83.34 

110.29 

89.43 

98.63 

64 

1.7901 

158.0 

85.66 

111.65 

91.92 

102.63 

64^ 

1.7957 

159.1 

86.33 

112.00 

92.64 

103.75 

64>£ 

.8012 

160.2 

87.04 

112.34 

93.40 

104  .  93 

64% 

.8068 

161.4 

87.81 

112.69 

94.23 

106.19 

65 

.8125 

162.5 

88.65 

113.05 

95.13 

107.54 

65K 

.8182 

163.6 

89.55 

113.40 

96.10 

108.97 

65^ 

.8239 

164.8 

90.60 

113.76 

97.22 

110.60 

65% 

.8297 

165.9 

91.80 

114.12 

98.51 

112.42 

66 

.8354 

167.1 

93.19 

114.47 

100.00 

114.47 

SULPHURIC  ACID 
SULPHURIC  ACID — (Concluded) 


59 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Freezing1 
(melting) 
point 

Per  cent. 
60°B6. 

Pounds 
60°Be.  in 
cubic  foot 

Per  cent. 
50°Be. 

Pounds 
50°Be.  in 
cubic  foot 

60 

+  12.6 

100.00 

106.40 

124.91 

132.91 

61 

27.3 

102.27 

110.10 

127.74 

137.52 

62 

39.1 

104.67 

114.05 

130.75 

142.47 

63 

46.1 

107.30 

118.34 

134.03 

147.82 

64 

46.4 

110.29 

123.14 

137.76 

153.81 

64K 

43.6 

111.15 

124.49 

138.84 

155.50 

64^ 

41.1 

112.06 

125.89 

139.98 

157.25 

64% 

37.9 

113.05 

127.40 

141.22 

159.14 

65 

33.1 

114.14 

129.03 

142.57 

161.17 

65^ 

24.6 

115.30 

130.75 

144.02 

163.32 

65^ 

13.4 

116.65 

132.70 

145.71 

165.76 

65% 

-   1.0 

118.19 

134.88 

147.63 

168.48 

66 

-29.Q 

119.98 

137.34 

149.87 

171.56 

60 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
94-100  per  cent.  H2S(V 


H.  B.  BISHOP 

The  acid  used  in  this  table  was  prepared  from  c.p.  95  per  cent, 
sulphuric  acid,  which  was  strengthened  to  100  per  cent,  by  the 
addition  of  fuming  acid  made  by  distilling  fuming  sulphuric  acid 
(70  per  cent,  free  SO3)  into  a  portion  of  95  per  cent.  c.p.  acid, 
The  final  acid  was  tested  for  impurities;  residue  upon  evapora- 
tion, chlorine,  niter  and  sulphur  dioxide  (0.001  per  cent.)  which 
was  less  than  the  sensitiveness  of  the  determination. 

The  analytical  and  specific-gravity  determinations,  and  the 
allowance  for  temperature  were  made  in  the  same  manner,  anc 
with  the  same  accuracy  as  in  the  sulphuric-acid  table  adoptee 
by  the  Manufacturing  Chemists'  Association,  the  specific  gravity 
1.8354  and  93.19  per  cent.  H2SO4  being  taken  as  standard. 

The  actual  determinations  were  made  within  a  few  hundredth* 
of  a  per  cent,  of  the  points  given  in  the  table,  the  even  percentage 
being  calculated  by  interpolation. 


Per  cent.  H2SO4 

Specific  gravity 

Allowance  for  temperature 

66°Be-.     93.19 

1.8354 

At    94  per  cent.  0  .  00054  sp.  gr.  =  1°F. 

94.00 

1.8381 

At    96  per  cent.  0.00053  sp.  gr.  =  1°F. 

95.00 

1  .  8407 

At  97.  5  per  cent.  0.00052  sp.  gr.  =  1°F. 

96.00 

1.8427 

At  100  per  cent.  0.00052  sp.  gr.  =  1°F. 

97.00 

1.8437 

97.50 

1.8439 

98.00 

1.8437 

99.00 

1.8424 

100.00 

1.8391 

W.  W.  SCOTT:  " Standard  Methods  of  Chemical  Analysis,"  1917. 


SULPHURIC  ACID  61 

AUTHOR'S  NOTE. — Mr.  Ferguson  in  his  article  describing  the  methods  used 
in  the  preparation  of  the  tables  adopted  by  the  Manufacturing  Chemists' 
Association  names  several  chemists  who  assisted  him,  among  them  Mr. 
Bishop.  "Such  merit  as  these  tables  possess  is  largely  due  to  these  gentle- 
men, but  more  especially  to  Mr.  Bishop  who  had  immediate  charge  of  and 
participated  in  most  of  the  determinations,  and  who  shared  with  the  writer 
the  preparation  of  this  paper." 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
0°Be.-100  per  cent.  H2SO4 

From  0°-66°Be.  the  table  is  from  the  one  of  Ferguson  and 
Talbot  with  the  following  supplementals  incorporated : 

Per  cent.  SO3 

Pounds  SOs  per  cubic  foot 

Pounds  H2SO4  per  cubic  foot 

Per  cent,  free  water 

Per  cent,  combined  water 

Freezing  (melting)  points  calculated  in  degrees  Centigrade  from 
the  given  degrees  Fahrenheit. 

Approximate  boiling  points  calculated  in  degrees  Centigrade 
from  the  given  degrees  Fahrenheit. 

.  Allowance  for  temperature  calculated  per  degree  Centigrade 
from  the  given,  per  degree  Fahrenheit. 

From  94-100  per  cent.  H2S04  is  from  the  table  of  H.  B.  Bishop. 
Mr.  Bishop  gives  only  the  specific  gravity  and  allowance  for 
temperature  per  degree  Fahrenheit.  All  other  calculations  are 
supplied. 

Freezing  (melting)  points  were  calculated  after  Knietsch,  Ber., 
1901. 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  highest  percentages  show  lower 
specific  gravities  than  those  just  below,  the  maximum  being  at 
97.5  per  cent.  H2S04. 


62 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
0°B6.-100  per  cent.  H2SO4 


Degrees 
Baume 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Specific 
gravity 

Lb.  av. 
per  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent. 
S03 

Lb.  SOs 
per  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Lb.  H2SO« 
per  cu.  ft. 

1 

1.38 

1.0069 

62.80 

0.83 

0.52 

1.02 

0.64 

2 

2.80 

1.0140 

63.24 

1.70 

1.08 

2.08 

1.32 

3 

4.22 

1.0211 

63.69 

2.56 

1.63 

3.13 

1.99 

4 

5.68 

.0284 

64.14 

3.44 

2.21 

4.21 

2.70 

5 

7.14 

.0354 

64.60 

4.31 

2.78 

5.28 

3.41 

6 

8.64 

.0432 

65.06 

5.20 

3.38 

6.37 

4.14 

7 

10.14 

.0507 

65.53 

6.08 

3.98 

7.45 

4.88 

8 

11.68 

.0584- 

66.01 

6.98 

4.61 

8.55 

5.64 

9 

13.24 

.0662 

66.50 

7.89 

5.25 

9.66 

6.42 

10 

14.82 

.0741 

66.99 

8.79 

5.89 

10.77 

7.21 

11 

16.42 

.0821 

67.49 

9.71 

6.55 

11.89 

8.02 

12 

18.04 

.0902 

68.00 

10.62 

7.22 

13.01 

8.85 

13 

19.70 

.0985 

68.51 

11.54 

7.91 

14.13 

9.69 

14 

21.38 

.1069 

69.04 

12.45 

8.60 

15.25 

10.53 

15 

23.08 

.1154 

69.57 

13.37 

9.30 

16.38 

11.40 

16 

24.80 

.1240 

70.10 

14.31 

10.03 

17.53 

12.29 

17 

26.56 

.1328 

70.65 

15.27 

10.78 

18.71 

13.22 

18 

28.34 

.1417 

71.21 

16.24 

11.56 

19.89 

14.16 

19 

30.16 

1.1508 

71.78 

17.20 

12.35 

21.07 

15.12 

20 

32.00 

1  .  1600 

72.35 

18.16 

13.14 

22.25 

16.10 

21 

33.88 

1  .  1694 

72.94 

19.13 

13.95 

23.43 

17.09 

22 

35.78 

1  .  1789 

73.53 

20.09 

14.77 

24.61 

18.10 

23 

37.70 

1  .  1885 

74.13 

21.07 

15.62 

25.81 

19.13 

24 

39.66 

1  .  1983 

74.74 

22.07 

16.50 

27.03 

20.20 

25 

41.66 

1.2083 

75.36 

23.09 

17.40 

28.28 

21.31 

26 

43.70 

1.2185 

76.00 

24.11 

18.32 

29.53 

22.44 

27 

45.76 

1.2288 

76.64 

25.14 

19.27 

30.79 

23.60 

28 

47.86 

1.2393 

77.30 

26.16 

20.22 

32.05 

24.77 

29 

50.00 

1.2500 

77.96 

27.21 

21.21 

33.33 

25.98 

30 

52.18 

1.2609 

78.64 

28.27 

22.23 

34.63 

27.23 

31 

54.38 

1.2719 

79.33 

29.33 

23.27 

35.93 

28.50 

32 

56.64 

1  .  2832 

80.03 

30.42 

24.35 

37.26 

29.82 

33 

58.92 

1  .  2946 

80.74 

31.49 

25.42 

38.58 

31.15 

34 

61.26 

1.3063 

81.47 

32.59 

26.55 

39.92 

32.52 

35 

63.64 

1.3182 

82.22 

33.69 

27.70 

41.27 

33.93 

36 

66.06 

1.3303 

82.97 

34.80 

28.87 

42.63 

35.37 

37 

68.52 

1.3426 

83.74 

35.91 

30.  07 

43.99 

36.84 

38 

71.02 

1.3551 

84.52 

37.02 

31.31 

45.35 

38.33 

39 

73.58 

1.3679 

85.32 

38.14 

32.54 

46.72 

39.86 

SULPHURIC  ACID 


63 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
0°B<§.-100  per  cent.  H2SO4 


Degrees 
Baume 

Per  cent, 
free  H2O 

Per  cent, 
combined 
H20 

Per  cent. 
0.  V. 

Lb.  O.  V. 
in  1  cu.  ft. 

Freezing  (melting)  points 

°F. 

°c. 

1 

98.98 

0.19 

1.09 

0.68 

31.2 

-0.4 

2 

97.92 

0.38 

2.23 

1.41 

30.5    . 

-0.8 

3 

96.87 

0.57 

3.36 

2.14 

29.8 

-1.2 

4 

95.79 

0.77 

4.52 

2.90 

28.9 

-1.7 

5 

94.72 

0.97 

5.67 

3.66 

28.1 

-2.2 

6 

93.63 

1.17 

6.84 

4.45 

27.2 

-2.7 

7 

92.55 

1.37 

7.99 

5.24 

26.3 

-3.3 

8 

91.45 

1.57 

9.17 

6.06 

25.1 

-3.8 

9 

90.34 

1.77 

10.37 

6.89 

24.0 

-4.4 

10 

89.23 

1.98 

11.56 

7.74 

22.8 

-5.1 

11 

88.11 

2.18 

12.76 

8.61 

21.5 

-5.8 

12 

86.99 

2.39 

13.96 

9.49 

20.0 

-6.7 

13 

85.87 

2.59 

15.16 

10.39 

18.3 

-7.6 

14 

84.75 

2.80 

16.36 

11.30 

16.6 

-8.6 

15 

83.62 

3.01 

17.58 

12.23 

14.7 

-9.6 

16 

82.47 

3.22 

18.81 

13.19 

12.6 

-10.8 

17 

81.29 

3.44 

20.08 

14.18 

10.2 

-12.1 

18 

80.11 

3.65 

21.34 

15.20 

7.7 

-13.5 

19 

78.93 

3.87 

22.61 

16.23 

4.8 

-15.1 

20 

77.75 

4.09 

23.87 

17.27 

1.6 

-16.9 

21 

76.57 

4.30 

25.14 

18.34 

-1.8 

-18.8 

22 

75.39 

4.52 

26.41 

19.42 

-6.0 

-21.1 

23 

74.19 

4.74 

27.69 

20.53 

-11.0 

-23.9 

24 

72.97 

4.96 

29.00 

21.68 

-16.0 

-26.7 

25 

71.72 

5.19 

30.34 

22.87 

-23.0 

-30.6 

26 

70.47 

5.42 

31.69 

24.08 

-30.0 

-34.4 

27 

69.21 

5.65 

33.04 

25.32 

-39.0 

-39.4 

28 

67.95 

5.89 

34.39 

26.58 

-49.0 

-45.0 

29 

66.67 

6.12 

35.76 

27.88 

-61.0 

-51.7 

30 

65.37 

6.36 

37.16 

29.22 

-74.0 

-58.9 

31 

64.07 

6.60 

38.55 

30.58 

-82.0 

-63.3 

32 

62.74 

6.84 

39.98 

32.00 

-96.0 

-71.1 

33 

61.42 

7.09 

41.40 

33.42 

.  -97.0 

-71.7 

34 

60.08 

7.33 

42.83 

34.90 

-91.0 

-68.3 

35 

58.73 

7.58 

44.28 

36.41 

-81.0 

-62.8 

36 

57.37 

7.83 

45.74 

37.95 

-70.0 

-56.7 

37 

56.01 

8.08 

47.20 

39.53 

-60.0 

-51.1 

38 

54.65 

8.33 

48.66 

41.13 

-53.0 

-47.2 

39 

53.28 

8.58 

50.13 

42.77 

-47.0 

-43.9 

64. 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
0°Be.-100  per  cent.  H2SO4—  (Continued} 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Specific 
gravity 

Lb.  av. 
per  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent. 
SOs 

Lb.  SOs 
per  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Lb.  H2S04 
per  cu.  ft. 

40 

76.20 

1.3810 

86.13 

39.27 

33.82 

48.10 

41.43 

41 

78.84 

1  .  3942 

86.96 

40.38 

35.11 

49.47 

43.02 

42 

81.56 

1.4078 

87.80 

41.53 

36.46 

50.87 

44.66 

43 

84.32 

1.4216 

88.67 

42.66 

37.83 

52.26 

46.34 

44 

87.12 

1.4356 

89.54 

43.80 

39.22 

53.66 

48.05 

45 

90.00 

1.4500 

90.44 

44.96 

40.66 

55.07 

49.81 

46 

92.92 

1.4646 

91.35 

46.11 

42.12 

56.48 

51.59 

47 

95.92 

1  .  4796 

92.28 

47.27 

43.62 

57.90 

53.43 

48 

98.96 

1  .  4948 

93.23 

48.43 

45.10 

59.32 

55.30 

49 

102.08 

.5104 

94.20 

49.59 

46.71 

60.75 

57.23 

50 

105  .  26 

.5263 

95.20 

50.76 

48.32 

62.18 

59.20 

51 

108.52 

.5426 

96.21 

51.97 

50.00 

63.66 

61.25 

52 

111.82 

.5591 

97.24 

53.17 

51.70 

65.13 

63.33 

53 

115.22 

.5761 

98.30 

54.39 

53.47 

66.63 

65.49 

54 

118.68 

.5934 

99.38 

55.62 

55.28 

68.13 

67.71 

55 

122.22 

.6111 

100  .  48 

56.86 

57.13 

69.65 

69.98 

56 

125  .  84 

.6292 

101.61 

58.10 

59.04 

71.17 

72.32 

57 

129  .  54 

.6477 

102.77 

59.39 

61.04 

72.75 

74.77 

58 

133.34 

1.6667 

103.95 

60.70 

63.10 

74.36 

77.30 

59 

137.20 

1.6860 

105.16 

62.03 

65.23 

75.99 

79.91 

60 

141.18 

1.7059 

106.40 

63.40 

67.46 

77.67 

82.64 

61 

145.24 

1  .  7262 

107.66 

64.84 

69.81 

79.43 

85.51 

62 

149  .  40 

1  .  7470 

108  .  96 

66.37 

72.31 

81.30 

88.58 

63 

153.66 

1  .  7683 

110.29 

68.03 

75.03 

83.34 

91.92 

64 

158  .  02 

1  .  7901 

111.65 

69.92 

78.07 

85.66 

95.64 

64^ 

159.14 

1.7957 

112.00 

70.47 

78.93 

86.33 

96.69 

64^ 

160.24 

1.8012 

112.34 

71.05 

79.82 

87.04 

97.78 

64% 

161.36 

1.8068 

112.69 

71.68 

80.78 

87.81 

98.95 

65 

162  .  50 

1.8125 

113.05 

72.37 

81.81 

88.65 

100.22 

65^ 

163  .  64 

1.8182 

113.40 

73.10 

82.90 

89.55 

101.55 

65^ 

164  .  78 

1  .  8239 

113.76 

73.96 

84.14 

90.60 

103.07 

65% 

165  .  94 

1.8297 

114.12 

74.94 

85.52 

91.80 

104.76 

66 

167.08 

1.8354 

114.47 

76.07 

87.08 

93.19 

106.67 

1.8381 

114.64 

76.73 

87.97 

94.00 

107.76 

1.8407 

114.80 

77.55 

89.03 

95.00 

109.06 

1.8427 

114.93 

78.37 

90.07 

96.00 

110.33 

1  .  8437 

114.99 

79.18 

91.05 

97.00 

111.54 

1  .  8439 

115.00 

79.59 

91.53 

97.50 

112.13 

1.8437 

114.99 

80.00 

91.99 

98.00 

112.69 

1.8424 

114.91 

80.82 

92.87 

99.00 

113.76 

1.8391 

114.70 

81.63 

93.63 

100  .  00 

114.70 

SULPHURIC  ACID 


65 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
0°Be\-100  per  cent.  H2SO4—  (Continued) 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Per  cent. 
HiSOi 

Per  cent, 
free 
HZ0 

Per  cent, 
combin  d 
H,0e 

Per  cent. 

o.  v. 

Lb.  0.  V. 
in  1  cu.  ft. 

Freezing  (melting)  points 

°F. 

°c. 

40 

51.90 

8.83 

51.61 

44.45 

-41.0 

-40.6 

•41 

50.53 

9.09 

53.08 

46.16 

-35.0 

-37.2 

42 

.'.'..'..'.     49.13 

9.34 

54.58 

47.92 

-31.0 

-35.0 

43 

47.74 

9.60 

56.07 

49.72 

-27.0 

-32.8 

44 

46.34 

9.86 

57.58 

51.56 

-23.0 

-30.6 

45 

44.93 

10.11 

59.09 

53.44 

-20.0 

-28.9 

46 

43.52 

10.37 

60.60 

55.36 

-14.0 

-25.6 

47 

42.10 

10.63 

62.13 

57.33 

-15.0 

-26.1 

48 

40.68 

10.89 

63.65 

59.34 

-18.0 

-27.8 

49 

39.25 

11.16 

65.18 

61.40 

-22.0 

-30.0 

50 

37.82 

11.42 

66.72 

63.52 

-27.0 

-32.8 

51 

36.34 

11.69 

68.31 

65.72 

-33.0 

-36.1 

52 

34.87 

11.96 

69.89 

67.96 

-39.0 

-39.4 

53 

33.37 

12.24 

71.50 

70.28 

-49.0 

-45.0 

54 

31.87 

12.51   . 

73.11 

72.66 

-59.0 

-50.6 

55 

30.35 

12.79 

74.74 

75.10 

} 

56 

28.83 

13.07 

76.37 

77.60 

Below 

57 

27.25 

13.36 

78.07 

80.23 

-40 

58 

25.64 

13.66 

79.79 

82.95 

59 

24.01 

13.96 

81.54 

85.75 

-  7.0 

-21.7 

60 

22.33 

14.27 

83.35 

88.68 

+  12.6 

-10.8 

61 

20.57 

14.59 

85.23 

91.76 

27.3 

-2.6 

62 

18.70 

14.93 

87.24 

95.06 

39.1 

+3.9 

63 

16.66 

15.31 

89.43 

98.63 

46.1 

7.8 

64 

14.34 

15.74 

91.92 

102.63 

46.4 

8.0 

64M 

13.67 

15.86 

92.64 

103.75 

43.6 

6.4 

64^ 

12.96 

15.99 

93.40 

104.93 

41.1 

5.1 

64% 

12.19 

16.13 

94.23 

106.19 

37.9 

3.3 

65 

11.35 

16.28 

95.13 

107.54 

33.1 

0.6 

65^ 

10.45 

16.45 

96.10 

108.97 

24.6 

-4.1 

65K 

9.40 

16.64 

97.22 

110.60 

13.4 

-10.3 

6534 

8.20 

16.86 

98.51 

112.42 

-1.0 

-18.3 

66 

6.81 

17.12 

100.00 

114.47 

-29.0 

-33.9 

'94.00 

6.00 

17.26 

100.87 

115.64 

-20.6 

-29.2 

95.00 

5.00 

17.45 

101.94 

117.03 

-7.2 

-21.8 

96.00 

4.00 

17.63 

103.01 

118.39 

+9.9 

-12.3 

97.00 

3.00 

17.82 

104.09 

119.69 

25.3 

-3.7 

97.50 

2.50 

17.91 

104.63 

120.32 

31.3 

-0.4 

98.00 

2.00 

18.00 

105.16 

120.92 

37.4 

+3.0 

99.00 

1.00 

18.18 

106.23 

122.07 

43.3 

6.3 

100.00 

0.00 

18.37 

107.31 

123.08 

50.0 

10.0 

66 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
0°B6-.  100  per  cent.  H2SO4—  (Concluded} 


Degrees 
Baum6 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Per  cent. 
60°Be. 

Lb.  60°  in 

1  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent. 
50°Be. 

Lb.  50°  in 
1  cu.  ft. 

40 
41 
42 

43 

61.93 
63.69 
65.50 

67  28 

53.34 
55.39 
57.50 
59  66 

77.36 
79.59 
81.81 
84  05 

66.63 
69.19 
71.83 
74  53 

44 

69.09 

61  86 

86  30 

77  27 

45 
46 

47 
48 



70.90 

72.72 
74.55 
76  37 

64.12 
66.43 
68.79 
71  20 

88.56 
90.83 
93.12 
95  40 

80.10 
82.98 
85.93 
88  94 

49 

78  22 

73  68 

97  70 

92  03 

50 

80  06 

76  21 

100  00 

95  20 

51 
52 
53 
54 
55 

81.96 
83.86 
85.79 

87.72 
89  67 

78.85 
81.54 
84.33 
87.17 
90  10 

102  .  38 
104  .  74 
107.15 
109.57 
112  01 

98.50 
101.85 
105  .  33 
108.89 
112  55 

56 

91  63 

93  11 

114  46 

116  30 

57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 

93.67 
95.74 
97.84 
100.00 
102.27 
104.67 
107  .  30 
110  29 

96.26 
99.52 
102.89 
106.40 
110.10 
114.05 
118.34 
123  14 

117.00 
119.59 
122.21 
124.91 
127.74 
130.75 
134.03 
137  76 

120.24 
124.31 
128.52 
132.91 
137.52 
142.47 
147.82 
153  81 

64^ 
64^ 
64% 
65 
65M 
65  U 



111.15 
112.06 
113.05 
114.14 
115.30 
116  65 

124.49 
125.89 
127.40 
129.03 
130.75 
132  70 

138.84 
139  .  98 
141.22 
142.57 
144.02 
145  71 

155.50 
157.25 
159  .  14 
161.17 
163.32 
165  76 

65  YA 

118  19 

134  88 

147  63 

168  48 

66 

119.98 

137.34 

149  87 

171  56 

94.00 
95.00 
96.00 
97.00 
98.00 
99.00 
100.00 

121.02 
122.31 
123.60 
124.89 
126.17 
126.46 
128.75 

138.74 
140.41 
142.05 
143.61 
145.08 
145  .  32 
147  .  68 

151.17 
152.78 
154.39 
156.00 
157.61 
159.22 
160.82 

173.30 
175.39 
177.44 
179.38 
181.24 
182  .  96 
184.46 

SULPHURIC  ACID 
APPROXIMATE  BOILING  POINTS 


67 


Degrees  Baum6 

Boiling  point 

°F. 

°C. 

50 

295 

146.1 

60 

386 

196.7 

61 

400 

204.4 

62 

415 

212.8 

63 

432 

222.2 

64 

451 

232.8 

65 

485 

251.6 

66 

538 

281.1 

ALLOWANCE  FOR  TEMPERATURE 


Strength 

Per  degree  Fahrenheit 

Per  degree  Centigrade 

10°Be. 

.  029°Be. 

.  00023  sp.  gr. 

.052°Be. 

.00041  sp.  gr. 

20°Be\ 

.  036°Be. 

.  00034  sp.  gr. 

.065°Be. 

.00061  sp.  gr. 

30°Be\ 

.035°Be. 

.  00039  sp.  gr. 

.  063°Be. 

.  00070  sp.  gr. 

40°Be\ 

.031°Be. 

.00041sp.gr. 

.056°B<§. 

.  00074  sp.  gr. 

50°B6. 

.028°Bc. 

.00045  sp.  gr. 

.050°Be. 

.  00081  sp.  gr. 

60°Be". 

.  026°Be. 

.  00053  sp.  gr. 

.047°Be. 

.  00095  sp.  gr. 

63°Be\ 

.026°Be\ 

.  00057  sp.  gr. 

.047°Be. 

.  00103  sp.  gr. 

66°Be\ 

.0235°Bo. 

.  00054  sp.  gr. 

.042°Be. 

.  00097  sp.  gr. 

94percent.H2SO4 

.  00054  sp.  gr. 

.  00097  sp.  gr. 

96  per  cent.  H2SO4 

.  00053  sp.  gr. 

.  00095  sp.  gr. 

97.5  per  cent.  H2SO4 



.00052  sp.  gr. 

.  00094  sp.  gr. 

100  per  cent.  H2SO4 

.  00052  sp.  gr. 

.  00094  sp.  gr. 

68 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


SULPHURIC  AciD1 
50°-62°B<§. 


Degrees  Baume' 

Specific  gravity 

^2!p 
60°  *• 

Lb.  av. 
per  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent.  H2SO4 

Per  cent.  SOj 

50.0 

.5263 

95.20 

62.18 

50.76 

.1 

.5279 

95.30 

62.33 

50.88 

.2 

.5295 

95.40 

62.48 

51  .  00 

.3 

.5312 

95.50 

62.62 

51.12 

.4 

.5328 

95.60 

62.77 

51.24 

.5 

.5344 

95.71 

62.90 

51.37 

.6 

.5360 

95.81 

63.07 

51.49 

.7 

.5376 

95.91 

63.22 

51.61 

.8 

.5393 

96.01 

63.36 

51.73 

.9 

.5409 

96.11 

63.51 

51.85 

51.0 

.5426 

96.21 

63.66 

51.97 

.1 

.5442 

96.31 

63.81 

52.09 

.2 

.5458 

96.42 

63.95 

52.21 

.3 

.5475 

96.52 

64.10 

52.33 

.4 

.5491 

96.62 

64.25 

52.45 

.5 

.5508 

96.73 

64.40 

52.57 

.6 

.5525 

96.83 

64.52 

52.69 

.7 

.5541 

96.93 

64.69 

52.81 

.8 

.5558 

97.03 

64.84 

52.93 

.9 

.5575 

97.14 

64.98 

53.05 

52.0 

.5591 

97.24 

65.13 

53.17 

.1 

.5608 

97.35 

65.28 

53.29 

.2 

.5625 

97.45 

65.43 

53.41 

.3 

.5642 

97.56 

65.58 

53.54 

.4 

.5659 

97.66 

65.73 

53.66 

.5 

.5676 

97.77 

65.88 

53.78 

.6 

.5693 

97.88 

66.03 

53.90 

.7 

.5710 

97.98 

66.18 

54.02 

.8 

.5727 

98.09 

66.31 

54.15 

.9 

.5744 

98.19 

66.45 

54.27 

53.0 

.5761 

98.30 

66.63 

54.39 

.1 

.5778 

98.41 

66.78 

54.51 

.2 

.5795 

98.52 

66.93 

54.64 

.3 

.5812 

98.62 

67.08 

54.76 

.4 

.5830 

98.73 

67.23 

54.88 

.5 

.5847 

98.84 

67.38 

55.01 

.6 

.5864 

98.95 

67.53 

55.13 

.7 

.5882 

99.06 

67.68 

55.25 

.8 

.5899 

99.16 

67.83 

55.37 

.9 

.5917 

99.27 

67.98 

55.50 

1  The  values  for  the  even  degrees  were  taken  from  the  preceding  table  and 
the  values  for  the  tenths  of  a  degree  calculated  by  interpolation. 


SULPHURIC  ACID 


69 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
50°-62°Be.— (Continued) 


Degrees  Baum6 

Specific  gravity 
60° 
60° 

Lb.  av. 
per  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent.  HiSCh 

Per  cent.  SOi 

54.0 

1.5934 

99.38 

68.13 

55.62 

.1 

.5952 

99.49 

68.28 

55.74 

.2 

.5969 

99.60 

68.43 

55.87 

.3 

.5987 

99.71 

68.59 

55.99 

.4 

.6004 

99.82 

68.74 

56.12 

.5 

.6022 

99.93 

68.89 

56.24 

.6 

.6040 

100.04 

69.04 

56.36 

.7 

.6058 

100.15 

69.19 

56.49 

.8 

.6075 

100.26 

69.35 

56.61 

9 

.6093 

100.37 

69.50 

56.74 

55.0 

.6111 

100.48 

69.65 

56.86 

.1 

.6129 

100.59 

69.80 

56.98 

.2 

.6147 

100.71 

69.95 

57.11 

.3 

.6165 

100.82 

70.11 

57.23 

.4 

.6183 

100.93 

70.26 

57.36 

.5 

.6201 

101.05 

70.41 

57.48 

.6 

.6219 

101.16 

70.56 

57.60 

.7 

.6237 

101.27 

70.71 

57.73 

.8 

.6256 

101.38 

70.87 

57.85 

.9 

.6274 

101.50 

71.02 

57.98 

56.0 

.6292 

101.61 

71.17 

58.10 

.1 

.6310 

101  .  73 

71.33 

58.23 

.2 

.6329 

101.84 

71.49 

58.36 

.3 

.6347 

101.96 

71.64 

58.49 

.4 

.6366 

102.08 

71.80 

'58.62 

.5 

.6384 

102.19 

71.96 

.     58.75 

.6 

.6403 

102.31 

72.12 

58.87 

.7 

.6421 

102.42 

72.28 

59.00 

.8 

.6440 

102.54 

72.43 

59.13 

.9 

.6459 

102.65 

72.59 

59.26 

57.0 

.6477 

102.77 

72.75 

59.39 

.1 

.6496 

102.89 

72.91 

59.52 

.2 

.6515 

103.01 

73.07 

59.65 

.3 

.6534 

103.12 

73.23 

59.78 

.4 

.6553 

103.24 

73.39 

59.91 

.5 

.6571 

103.36 

73.56 

60.05 

.6 

.6590 

103.48 

73.72 

60.18 

.7 

.6609 

103.60 

73.88 

60.31 

.8 

1.6628 

103  71 

74.04 

60.44 

.9 

1.6648 

103.83 

74.20 

60.57 

70 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

SULPHURIC  ACID 
50°-62°B6.— (Concluded) 


Degrees 
Baume 

Specific 
gravity 
60° 
60° 

Lb.  av. 
per  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent. 
H2SO4 

Per  cent. 
SOs 

Per  cent. 
60°Baume. 

58.0 

1.6667 

103.95 

74.36 

60.70 

95.74 

.1 

1.6686 

104.07 

74.52 

60.83 

95.95 

.2 

1.6705 

104.19 

74.69 

60.97 

96.17 

.3 

1.6724 

104.31 

74.85 

61.10 

96.37 

.4 

1.6744 

104  .  43 

75.01 

61.23 

96.58 

.5 

1.6763 

104.56 

75.18 

61.37 

96.80 

.6 

1.6782 

104.68 

75.34 

61.50 

97.00 

.7 

1.6802 

104.80 

75.50 

61.63 

97.21 

.8 

.6821 

104.92 

75.66 

61.76 

97.41 

.9 

.6841 

105.04 

75.83 

61.90 

97.63 

59.0 

.6860 

105.16 

75.99 

62.03 

97.84 

.1 

.6880 

105.28 

76.16 

62.17 

98.06 

.2 

.6900 

105.41 

76.33 

62.30 

98.27 

.3 

.6919 

105.53 

76.49 

62.44 

98.49 

.4 

.6939 

105.66 

76.66 

62.58 

•  98.71 

.5 

.6959 

.    105.78 

76.83 

62.72 

98.93 

.6 

.6979 

105.90 

77.00 

62.85 

99.13 

.7 

.6999 

106.03 

77.17 

62.99 

99.35 

.8 

.7019 

106  .  15 

77.33 

63.13 

99.57 

.9 

.7039 

106.28 

77.50 

63.26 

99.78 

60.0 

.7059 

106.40 

77.67 

63.40 

100.00 

.1 

.7079 

106.53 

77.85 

63.54 

100.22 

.2 

1.7099 

106.65 

78.02 

63.69 

100.46 

.3 

1.7119 

106.78 

78.20 

63.83 

100.68 

.4 

1.7139 

106.90 

78.37 

63.98 

100.91 

.5 

1.7160 

107.03 

78.55 

64.12 

101.14 

.6 

1.7180 

107.16 

78.73 

64.26 

101.36 

.7 

1.7200 

107.28 

78.90 

64.41 

101.59 

.8 

1.7221 

107.41 

79.08 

64.55 

101.81 

.9 

1.7241 

107.53 

79.25 

64.70 

102.05 

61.0 

1  .  7262 

107.66 

79.43 

64.84 

102.27 

.1 

1  .  7282 

107  .  79 

79.62 

64.99 

102.51 

.2 

1.7303 

107.92 

79.80 

65.15 

102  .  76 

.3 

1.7324 

108.05 

79.99 

65.30 

103.00 

.4 

.7344 

108.18 

80.18 

65.45 

103.23 

.5 

.7365 

108.31 

80.37 

65.61 

103.49 

.6 

.7386 

108.44 

80.55 

65.76 

103  .  72 

.7 

.7407 

108.57 

80.74 

65.91 

103  .  96 

.8 

.7428 

108.70 

80.93 

66.06 

104  .  20 

.9 

.7449 

108  .  83 

81.11 

66.22 

104.45 

62.0 

.7470 

108.96 

81.30 

66.37 

104.67 

FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID  71 

FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
T.  J.  SULLIVAN 

Clear  commercial  acid  was  used  in  all  analytical,  specific  grav- 
ity and  coefficient  of  expansion  (allowance  for  temperature) 
determinations. 

Specific-gravity  determinations  were  made  at  15.56°C.,  com- 
pared with  water  at  15.56°C.,  a  Sartorius  hydrostatic  specific- 
gravity  balance  being  used  for  all  determinations.  Three  sepa- 
rate samples  at  each  given  point  agreed  on  all  determinations. 
The  specific  gravity  1.8391  of  100  per  cent.  H2SO4  (H.  B.  Bishop) 
was  taken  as  standard. 

This  table  was  constructed  as  a  means  of  obtaining  quick 
analysis  for  plant  control  and  is  very  satisfactory  as  fuming  acid 
may  be  checked  within  0.1  per  cent.  SO3  of  the  titration  analysis. 
Slight  deviations  may  be  due  to  impurities  always  present  in 
commercial  acid. 

FIXED  POINTS 

Per  cent.  SOs  Specific  gravity 

81.63  1.8391 

81.9  1.848 

82.1  1.853 

82.7  1.865 
83 . 3  1 . 877 

83 . 8  1 . 887 

84 . 5  1 . 900 

85.1  1.911 

85.6  1.922 

86.2  1.934 
86.5  1.942 
87.5  1.958 
88.1 

ALLOWANCE  FOR  TEMPERATURE 
At  82  per  cent.  SO3  =  0.00100  per  degree  C. 

83  per  cent.  SO3  =  0.00105  per  degree  C. 

84  per  cent.  SO3  =  0.00110  per  degree  C. 

85  per  cent.  SO3  =0.00110  per  degree  C. 

86  per  cent.  SO3  =  0.00115  per  degree  C. 

87  per  cent.  SO3  =  0.00120  per  degree  C. 

88  per  cent.  SO3  =  0.00125  per  degree  C. 


72 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 


Per  cent, 
total 
S03 

Specific 
gravity 
15.56° 

Weight 
per  cu.  ft., 
Ib.    av. 

Lb.  80s 
in  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent, 
total 
SOs 

Specific 
gravity 
15.56° 

Weight 
per  cu.  ft., 
Ib.    av. 

Lb.  S03 
in  cu.  ft. 

15.56°U' 

15.  56°°' 

81.63 

1  .  8391 

114.70 

93.63 

84.4 

1.899 

118.44 

99.96 

81.7 

1.842 

114.89 

93.87 

84.5 

1.900 

118.50 

100.13 

81.8 

1.845 

115.07 

94.13 

84.6 

1.902 

118.63 

100.36 

81.9 

1.848 

115.26 

94.40 

84.7 

1.904 

118.75 

100  .  58 

82.0 

1.851 

115.45 

94.67 

84.8 

1.906 

118.88 

100.81 

82.1 

1.853 

115.57 

94.88 

84.9 

1.908 

119.00 

101.03 

82.2 

1.855 

115.70 

95.11 

85.0 

1.910 

119.13 

101.26 

82.3 

1.857 

115.82 

95.32 

85.1 

1.912 

119.25 

101.48 

82.4 

1.859 

115.95 

95.54 

85.2 

1.914 

119.38 

101.71 

82.5 

1.861 

116.07 

95.76 

85.3 

1.916 

119.50 

101.93 

82.6 

1.863 

116.20 

95.98 

85.4 

1.918 

119.63 

102.16 

82.7 

1.865 

116.32 

96.20 

85.5 

1.920 

119.75 

102.39 

82.8 

1.867 

116.44 

96.41 

85.6 

1.922 

119.88 

102.62 

82.9 

1.869 

116.57 

96.63 

85.7 

.924 

120.00 

102.84 

83.0 

1.871 

'116.69 

96.85 

85.8 

.926 

120.12 

103.06 

83.1 

1.873 

116.82 

97.08 

85.9 

.928 

120.25 

103.29 

83.2 

1.875 

116.94 

97.29 

86.0 

.930 

120.37 

103.52 

83.3 

.877 

117.07 

97.52 

86.1 

.932 

120.50 

103  .  75 

83.4 

.879 

117.19 

97.74 

86.2 

.934 

120.62 

103.97 

83.5 

.881 

117.32 

97.96 

86.3 

.936 

120.75 

104.21 

83.6 

.883 

117.44 

98.18 

86.4 

1.939 

120.94 

104.49 

83.7 

.885 

117.57 

98.41 

86.5 

1.942 

121.12 

104.77 

83.8 

.887 

117.69 

98.63 

87.0 

1.950 

121.62 

105.81 

83.9 

.889 

117.82 

98.85 

87.5 

1.958 

122.12 

106.81 

84.0 

.891 

117.94 

99.07 

f  Crystallized  at  15  .  56° 

84.1 

.893 

118.07 

99.30 

88.  11 

\  1.966  at  18°C. 

84.2 

.895 

118.19 

99.52 

1  1  .  944  at  35°C. 

84.3 

.897 

118.32 

99.75 

1  Acid  of  this  strength  only  remains  in  solution  momentarily  when  cooled 
to  18°C.  Crystallization  starts  and  the  acid  solidifies  with  rise  of  tempera- 
ture and  remains  constant  at  26°C. 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 


73 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Specific  gravity  at  various  temperatures — degrees  C. 


Per  cent. 

15.56° 

20° 

25° 

30° 

35° 

total  SOs 

15.56° 

82.0 

1.851 

1.846 

1.841 

1.836 

1.831 

82.2 

1.855 

1.850 

1.845 

1.840 

1.835 

82.4 

1.859 

1.854 

1.849 

1.844 

1.839 

82.6 

1.863 

1.858 

1.853 

1.848 

1.843 

82.8 

1.867 

1.862 

1.857 

1.852 

1.847 

83.0 

.871 

1.866 

1.860 

1.855 

1.850 

83.2 

.875 

1.870 

1.864 

1.859 

1.854 

83.4 

.879 

1.874 

1.868 

1.863 

1.858 

83.6 

.883 

1.878 

1.872 

1.867 

1.862 

83.8 

.887 

1.882 

1.876 

1.871 

1.866 

84.0 

.891 

1.886 

1.880 

1.874 

1.869 

84.2 

.895 

1.890 

1.884 

1.878 

.873 

84.4 

.899 

1.894 

1.888 

1.882 

.877 

84.6 

1.902 

1.897 

1.891 

1.885 

.880 

84.8 

1.906 

1.901 

1.895 

1.889 

.884 

85.0 

1.910 

1.905 

.899 

1.893 

.888 

85.2 

1.914 

1.909 

.903 

1.897 

.892 

85.4 

1.918 

1.913 

.907 

1.901 

.896 

85.6 

1.922 

1.917 

.911 

1.905 

.900 

85.8 

1.926 

1.921 

.915 

1.909 

.904 

86.0 

1.930 

1.924 

1.918 

1.912 

1.907 

86.2 

1.934 

1.928 

1.922 

.916 

1.911 

86.4 

1.939 

1.933 

1.927 

.921 

1.916 

86.5 

1.942 

1.936 

1.930 

.924 

1.919 

87.0 

1.950 

1.944 

1.938 

.932 

1.926 

87.5 

1.958 

1.952 

1.946 

.940 

1.934 

88.1 

Cryst. 

1.963 

1.956 

1.950 

1.944 

74 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Per  cent,  free  SOs  as  units 


Per  cent, 
free 
SCh 

Per  cent, 
total 
S03 

Per  cent, 
combined 
S03 

Per  cent, 
combined 
H20 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Per  cent. 
100  H2S04 

0 

81.63 

81.63 

18.37 

100 

100.00 

1 

81.81 

80.81 

18.19 

99 

100.22 

2 

82.00 

80.00 

18.00 

98 

100.45 

3 

82.18 

79.18 

17.82 

97 

100.67 

4 

82.36 

78.36 

17.64 

96 

100.89 

5 

82.55 

77.55 

17.45 

95 

101.13 

6 

82.73 

76.73 

17.27 

94 

101.35 

7 

82.92 

75.92 

17.08 

93 

101.58 

8 

83.10 

75.10 

16.90 

92 

101.80 

9 

83.28 

74.28 

16.72 

91 

102.02 

10 

83.47 

73.43 

16.57 

90 

102  .  25 

11 

83.65 

72.65 

16.35 

89 

102  .  47 

12 

83.83 

71.83 

16.17 

88 

102.71 

13 

84.02 

71.02 

15.98 

87 

102  .  92 

14 

84.20 

70.20 

15.80 

86 

103.15 

15 

84.39 

69.39 

15.61 

85 

103.38 

16 

84.57 

68.57 

15.43 

84 

103.60 

17 

84.75 

67.75 

15.25 

83 

103.82 

18 

84.94 

66.94 

15.06 

82 

104.05 

19 

85.12 

66.12 

14.88 

81 

104.28 

20 

85.30 

65.30 

14.70 

80 

104.49 

21 

85.49 

64.49 

14.51 

79 

104.73 

22 

85.67 

63.67 

14.33 

78 

104.95 

23 

85.86 

62.86 

14.14 

77 

105.18 

24 

86.04 

62.04 

13.96 

76 

105.40 

25 

86.22 

61.22 

13.78 

75 

105.62 

FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 


75 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Per  cent,  free  SOs  as  units — (Concluded) 


Per  cent, 
free 

S03 

Per  cent, 
total 

SO  3 

Per  cent, 
combined 
80s 

Per  cent, 
combined 
H20 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

26 

86.41 

60.41 

13.59 

74 

105.85 

27 

86.59 

59.59              13.41 

73 

106.08 

28 

86.77 

58.77 

13.28 

72 

106.29 

29 

86.96 

57  .  96              13  .  04 

71 

106.53 

30 

87.14 

57  .14              12  .  86 

70 

106.75 

31 

87.32 

56.32              12.68 

69 

106.97 

32 

87.51 

55.51              12.49 

68 

107.20 

33 

87.69 

54.69              12.31 

67 

107.42 

34 

87.88 

53.88              12.12 

66 

107.65 

35 

88.06 

53.06              11.94 

65 

107.87 

36 

88.24              52.24              11.76 

64 

108  .  10 

37 

88.43              51.43              11.57 

63 

108.33 

38 

88.61              50.61              11.39 

62 

108.55 

39 

88.79 

49.79 

11.21 

61 

108.77 

40 

88.98 

48.98 

11.02 

60 

109.00 

41 

89.16              48.16 

10.84 

59 

109.22 

42 

89.35 

47.35 

10.65 

58 

109.45 

43 

89.53 

46.53 

10.47 

57 

109.68 

44 

89.71 

45.71 

10.29 

56 

109.90 

45 

89.90              44.90 

10.10 

55 

110.13 

50 

90.82              40.82 

9.18 

50 

111.25 

60 

92.65              32.65 

7.35 

40 

113.50 

70 

94.49              24.49 

5.51 

30 

115.75 

80 

96.33              16.33 

3.67 

20 

118.00 

90 

98.16                8.16 

1.84 

10 

120  .  25 

100 

100.00               0.00 

0.00 

0 

122.50 

76 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Per  cent,  total  SO3  as  units 


Per  cent, 
total 
S03 

Per  cent, 
free 
S03 

Per  cent, 
combined 
80s 

Per  cent, 
combined 
H20 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Per  cent. 
100  %  H2S04 

81.63 

0.00 

81.63 

18.37 

100.00 

100.00 

81.7 

0.38 

81.32 

18.30 

99.62 

100.09 

81.8 

0.92 

80.88 

18.20 

99.08 

100.21 

81.9 

1.47 

80.43 

18.10 

98.53 

100.33 

82.0 

2.01 

79.99 

18.00 

97.99 

100.45 

82.1 

2.56 

79.54 

17.90 

97.44 

100.58 

82.2 

3.10 

79.10 

17.80 

96.90 

100.70 

82.3 

3.64 

78.66 

17.70 

96.36 

100.82 

82.4 

4.19 

.    78.21 

17.60 

95.81 

100.94 

82.5 

4.73 

77.77 

17.50 

95.27 

101.07 

82.6 

5.28 

77.32 

17.40 

94.72 

101  .  19 

82.7 

5.82 

76.88 

17.30 

94.18 

101.31 

82.8 

6.37 

76.43 

17.20 

93.63 

101.43 

82.9 

6.91 

75.99 

17.10 

93.09 

101.56 

83.0 

7.46 

75.54 

17.00 

92.54 

101  .  68 

83.1 

8.00 

75.10 

16.90 

92.00 

101.80 

83.2 

8.54 

74.66 

16.80 

91.46 

101.92 

83.3 

9.09 

74.21 

16.70 

90.91 

102.05 

83.4 

9.63 

73.77 

'16.60 

90.37 

102.17 

83.5 

10.18 

73.32 

16.50 

89.82 

102.29 

83.6 

10.72 

72.88 

16.40 

89.28 

102.41- 

83.7 

11.27 

72.43 

16.30 

88.73 

102.54 

83.8 

11.81 

71.99 

16.20 

88.19 

102  .  66 

83.9 

12.35 

71.55 

16.10' 

87.65 

102.78 

84.0 

12.90 

71.10 

16.00 

87.10 

102.90 

84.1 

13.44 

70.66 

15.90 

86.56 

103.03 

84.2 

13.99 

70.21 

15.80 

86.01 

103.15 

84.3 

14.53 

69.77 

15.70 

85.47 

103.27 

84.4 

15.08 

69.32 

15.60 

84.92 

103  .  39 

84.5 

15.62 

68.88 

15.50 

84.38 

103  .  52 

84.6 

16.17 

68.43 

15.40 

83.83 

103.64 

FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 


77 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Per  cent,  total  SO3  as  units — (Continued) 


Per  cent, 
total 
SOs 

Per  cent, 
free 
SOj 

Per  cent, 
combined 
80s 

Per  cent, 
combined 
HzO 

Per  cent. 
HZSO4 

Per  cent. 
100%  HjSO* 

84.7 

16.71 

67.99 

15.30 

83.29 

103.76 

84.8 

17.26 

67.54 

15.20 

82.74 

103.88 

84.9 

17.80 

67.10 

15.10 

82.20 

104.01 

85.0 

18.34 

66.66 

15.00 

81.66 

104.13 

85.1 

18.89 

66.21 

14.90 

81.11 

104.25 

85.2 

19.43 

65.77 

14.80 

80.57 

104.37 

85.3 

19.98 

65.32 

14.70 

80.02 

104.49 

85.4 

20.52 

64.88 

14.60 

79.48 

104.62 

85.5 

21.06 

64.44 

14.50 

78.94 

104.74 

85.6 

21.61 

63.99 

14.40 

78.39 

104.86 

85.7 

22.15 

63.54 

14.30 

77.84 

104.99 

85.8 

22.70 

63.10 

14.20 

77.30 

105.11 

85.9 

23.24 

62.66 

14.10 

76.76 

105.23 

86.0 

23.79 

62.21 

14.00 

76.21 

105.35 

86.1 

24.33 

61.77 

13.90 

75.67 

105.48 

86.2 

24.88 

61.32              13.80 

75.12 

105.60 

86.3 

25.42              60.88 

13.70 

74.58 

105.72 

86.4 

25.96              60.44              13.60 

74.04 

105.84 

86.5 

26.51              59.99              13.50 

73.49 

105.97 

86.6 

27.05 

59.54 

13.40 

72.94 

106.09 

86.7 

27.60 

59.10 

13.30 

72.40 

106.21 

86.8 

28.14 

58.66 

13.20 

71.86 

106.33 

86.9 

28.69              58.21 

13.10 

71.31 

106.46 

87.0 

29.23 

57.77 

13.00 

70.77 

106.58 

87.1 

29.77 

57.33 

12.90 

70.23 

106.70 

87.2 

30.32 

56.88 

12.80 

69.68 

106.82 

87.3 

30.86 

56.44 

12.70 

69.14 

106.95 

87.4 

31.41 

55.99 

12.60 

68.59 

107  .  07 

87.5 

31.95 

55.55 

12.50 

68.05 

107.19 

87  .  6             32  .  50 

55.10 

12.40 

67.50            107.31 

87.7             33.04 

54.66 

12.30 

66.96 

107.44 

87.8             33.59 

54.21 

12.20 

66.41 

107.56 

78 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Per  cent,  total  SO3  as  units — (Concluded] 


Per  cent, 
total 
80s 

Per  cent, 
free 
S03 

Per  cent, 
combined 

SO  3 

Per  cent, 
combined 
H20 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Per  cent. 
100%  H2SO4 

87.9 

34.13 

53.77 

12.10 

65.87 

107.68 

88.0 

34.67 

53.33 

12.00 

65.33 

107.80 

88.1 

35.22 

52.88 

11.90 

64.78 

107.93 

88.2 

35.76 

52.44 

11.80 

64.24 

108.05 

88.3 

36.31 

51.99 

11.70 

63.69 

108.17 

88.4 

36.85 

51.55 

11.60 

63.15 

108.29 

88.5 

37.40 

51.10 

11.50 

62.60 

108.41 

88.6 

37.94 

50.66 

11.40 

62.06 

108.54 

88.7 

38.49 

50.21 

11.30 

61.51 

108.66 

88.8 

39.03 

49.77 

11.20 

60.97 

108.78 

88.9 

39.57 

49.33 

11.10 

60.43 

108.90 

89.0 

40.12 

48.88 

11.00 

59.88 

109.03 

89.1 

40.66 

48.44 

10.90 

59.34 

109.15 

89.2 

41.21 

47.99 

10.80 

58.79 

109.27 

89.3 

41.75 

47.54 

10.70 

58.24 

109.40 

89.4 

42.30 

47.10 

10.60 

57.70 

109.52 

89.5 

42.84 

46.66 

10.50 

57.16 

109.64 

89.6 

43.38 

46.22 

10.40 

56.62 

109.76 

89.7 

43.93 

45.77 

10.30 

56.07 

109.89 

89.8 

44.47 

45.33 

10.20 

55.53 

110.01 

89.9 

45.02 

44.88 

10.10 

54.98 

110.13 

90.0 

45.56 

44.44 

10.00 

54.44 

110.25 

91.0 

51.01 

39.99 

9.00 

48.99 

111.48 

92.0 

56.45 

35.55 

8.00 

43.55 

112.70 

93.0 

61.89 

31.11 

7.00 

38.11 

113.93 

94.0 

67.34 

26.66 

6.00 

32.66 

115.15 

95.0 

72.78 

22.22 

5.00 

27.22 

116.37 

96.0 

78.23 

17.77 

4.00 

21.77 

117.60 

97.0 

83.67 

13.33 

3.00 

16.33 

118.82 

98.0 

89.11 

8.89 

2.00 

10.89 

120.05 

99.0 

94.56 

4.44 

1.00 

5.44 

121.28 

100.0 

100.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

122.50 

FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 


79 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Equivalent  per  cent.  100  per  cent.  H2SO4  as  units 


Per  cent. 
100   % 
H2S04 

Per  cent, 
total 
SOi 

Per  cent, 
free 
S03 

Per  cent, 
combined 
SOs 

Per  cent, 
combined 
HzO 

Per  cent. 
HzSO* 

100.0 

81.63 

0.00 

81.63 

18.37 

100.00 

100.1 

81.71 

0.44 

81.27 

18.29 

99.56 

100.2 

81.79 

0.89 

80.90 

18.21 

99.11 

100.3 

81.87 

1.33 

80.54 

18.13 

98.67 

100.4 

81.96 

1.78 

80.18 

18.04 

98.22 

100.5 

82.04 

2.22 

79.82 

17.96 

97.78 

100.6 

82.12 

2.67 

79.45 

17.88 

97.33 

100.7 

82.20 

3.11 

79.09 

17.80 

96.89 

100.8 

82.28 

3.56 

78.72 

17.72 

96.44 

100.9 

82.36 

4.00 

78.36 

17.64 

96.00 

101.0 

82.45 

4.44 

78.01 

17.55 

95.56 

101.1 

82.53 

4.89 

77.64 

17.47 

95.11 

101.2 

82.61 

5.33 

77.28 

17.39 

94.67 

101.3 

82.69 

5.78 

76.91 

17.31 

94.22 

101.4 

82.77 

6.22 

76.55 

17.23 

93.78 

101.5 

82.85 

6.67 

76.18 

17.15 

93.33 

101.6 

82.94 

7.11 

75.83 

17.06 

92.89 

101.7 

83.02 

7.55 

75.47 

16.98 

92.45 

101.8 

83.10 

8.00 

75.10 

16.90 

92.00 

101.9 

83.18 

8.44- 

74.74 

16.82 

91.56 

102.0 

83.26 

8.89 

74.37 

16.74 

91.11 

102.1 

83.34 

9.33 

74.01 

16.66 

90.67 

102.2 

83.43 

9.78 

73.65 

16.57 

90.22 

102.3 

83.51 

10.22 

73.29 

16.49 

89.78 

102.4 

83.59 

10.67 

72.92 

16.41 

89.33 

102.5 

83.67 

11.11 

72.56 

16.33 

88.89 

102.6 

83.75 

11.55 

72.20 

16.25 

88.45 

102.7 

83.83 

12.00 

71.83 

16.17 

88.00 

102.8 

83.92 

12.44 

71.48 

16.08 

87.56 

102.9 

84.00 

12.89 

71.11 

16.00 

87.11 

103.0 

84.08 

13.33 

70.75 

15.92 

86.67 

103.1 

84.16 

13.78 

70.38 

15.84 

86.22 

103.2 

84.24 

14.22 

70.02 

15.76 

85.78 

103.3 

84.32 

14.66 

69.66 

15.68 

85.34 

103.4 

84.41 

15.11 

69.30 

15.59 

84.89 

103.5 

84.49 

15.55 

68.94 

15.51 

84.45 

103.6 

84.57 

16.00 

68.57 

15.43 

84.00 

103.7 

84.65 

16.44 

68.21 

15.35 

83.56 

103.8 

84.73 

16.89 

67.84 

15.27 

83.11 

103.9 

84.81 

17.33 

67.48 

15.19 

82.67 

104.0 

84.90 

17.78 

67.12 

15.10 

82.22 

104.1 

84.98 

18.22 

66.76 

15.02 

81.78 

104.2 

85.06 

18.66 

66.40 

14.94 

81.34 

104.3 

85.14 

19.11 

66.03 

14.86 

80.89 

80  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Equivalent  per  cent.  100  per  cent.  H2SO4  as  units — (Continued} 


Per  cent. 
100% 
H2S04 

Per  cent, 
total 
S03 

Per  cent, 
free 
SOs 

Per  cent, 
combined 
S03 

Per  cent, 
combined 
H20 

Per  cent. 
H2SO4 

104.4 

85.22 

19.55 

65.67 

14.78 

80.45 

104.5 

85.30 

20.00 

65.30 

14.70 

80.00 

104.6 

85.38 

20.44 

64.94 

14.62 

79.56 

104.7 

85.47 

20.89 

64.58 

14.53 

79.11 

104.8 

85.55 

21.33 

64.22 

14.45 

78.67 

104.9 

85.63 

21.77 

63.86 

14.37 

78.23 

105.0 

85.71 

22.22 

63.49 

14.29 

77.78 

105.1 

85.79 

22.66 

63.13 

14.21 

77.34 

105.2 

85.87 

23.11 

62.76 

14.13 

76.89 

105.3 

85.96 

23.55 

62.41 

14.04 

76.45 

105.4 

86.04 

24.00 

62.04 

13.96 

76.00 

105.5 

86.12 

24.44 

61.68 

13.88 

75.56 

105.6 

86.20 

24.89 

61.31 

13.80 

75.11 

105.7 

86.28 

25.33 

60.95 

13.72 

74.67 

105.8 

86.36 

25.77 

60.59 

13.64 

74.23 

105.9 

86.45 

26.22 

60.23 

13.55 

73.78 

106.0 

86.53 

26.66 

59.87 

13.47 

73.34 

106.1 

86.61 

27.11 

59.50 

13.39 

72.89 

106.2 

86.69 

27.55 

59.14 

13.31 

72.45 

106.3 

86.77 

28.00 

58.77 

13.23 

72.00 

106.4 

86.85 

28.44 

58.41 

13.15 

71.56 

106.5 

86.94 

28.88 

58.06 

13.06 

71.12 

106.6 

87.02 

29.33 

57.69 

12.98 

70.67 

106.7 

87.10 

29.77 

57.33 

12.90 

70.23 

106.8 

87.18 

30.22 

56.96 

12.82 

69.78 

106.9 

87.26 

30.66 

56.60 

12.74 

69.34 

107.0 

87.34 

31.11 

56.23 

12.66 

68.89 

107.1 

87.43 

31.55 

55.88 

12.57 

68.45 

107.2 

87.51 

32.00 

55.51 

12.49 

68.00 

107.3 

87.59 

32.44 

55.15 

12.41 

67.56 

107.4 

87.67 

32.88 

54.79 

12.33 

67.12 

107.5 

87.75 

33.33 

54.42 

12.25 

66.67 

107.6 

87.83 

33.77 

54.06 

12.17 

66.23 

107.7 

87.92 

34.22 

53.70 

12.08 

65.78 

107.8 

88.00 

34.66 

53.34 

12.00 

65.34 

107.9 

88.08 

35.11 

52.97 

11.92 

64.89 

108.0 

88.16 

35.55 

52.61 

11.84 

64.45 

108.1 

88.24 

35.99 

52.25 

11.76 

64.01 

108.2 

88.32 

36.44 

51.88 

11.68 

63.56 

108.3 

88.41 

36.88 

51.53 

11.59 

63.12 

108.4 

88.49 

37.33 

51.16 

11.51 

62.67 

108.5 

88.57 

37.77 

50.80 

11.43 

62.23 

108.6 

88.65 

38.22 

50.43 

11.35 

61.78 

108.7 

88.73 

38.66 

50.07 

11.27 

61.34 

SPECIFIC-GRAVITY   TEST 


81 


FUMING  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Equivalent  per  cent.  100  per  cent.  H2SO4  as  units — (Concluded] 


Per  cent. 
100% 
H2SO4 

Per  cent, 
total 
SOs 

Per  cent, 
free 
SOs 

Per  cent, 
combined 
SOs 

Per  cent, 
combined 
H2O 

Per  cent. 
H2SO* 

108.8 

88.82 

39.11 

49.71 

11.18                 60.89 

108.9 

88.90 

39.55 

49.35 

11.10              60.45 

109.0 

88.98 

39.99 

48.99 

11.02 

60.01 

109.1 

89.06 

40.44 

48.62 

10.94 

59.56 

109.2 

89.14 

40.88 

48.26 

10.86 

59.12 

109.3 

89.22 

41.33 

47.89 

10.78 

58.67 

109.4 

89.30 

41.77 

47.53 

10.70 

58.23 

109.5 

89.38 

42.22 

47.16 

10.62 

57.78 

109.6 

89.47 

42.66 

46.81 

10.53 

57.34 

109.7 

89.55 

43.10 

46.45 

10.45 

56.90 

109.8 

89.63  ' 

43.55 

46.08 

10.37 

56.45 

109.9 

89.71 

43.99 

45.72 

10.29 

56.01 

110.0 

89.79 

44.44 

45.35 

10.21 

55.56 

111.0 

90.61 

48.88 

41.73 

9.39 

51.12 

112.0 

91.43 

53.33 

38.10 

8.57 

46.67 

113.0 

92.24 

57.77 

34.47 

7.76 

42.23 

114.0 

93.06 

62.21 

30.85 

6.94 

37.79 

115.0 

93.87 

66.66 

27.21 

6.13 

33.34 

116.0 

94.69 

71.10 

23.59 

5.31 

28.90 

117.0 

95.51 

75.54 

19.97 

4.49 

24.46 

118.0 

96.32 

79.99 

16.33 

3.68 

20.01 

119.0 

97.14 

84.43 

12.71 

2.86 

15.57 

120.0 

97.96 

88.88 

9.08 

2.04              11.12 

121.0 

98.77 

93.32 

5.45 

1.23                6.68 

122.0 

99.59 

97.76 

1.83 

0.39                2.22 

122.5 

100.00 

100.00 

0.00 

0.00                0  00 

SPECIFIC-GRAVITY  TEST  SULPHURIC  ACID 

76.07-82.5  per  cent.  SO3 

T.  J.  SULLIVAN 

On  account  of  the  irregular  specific  gravity  of.  sulphuric  acid 
between  76.07  and  81.9  per  cent.  SOs  specific  gravity  cannot  be 
used  for  determining  the  strength.  The  principle  of  this  table 
is  to  dilute  such  acids  to  a  strength  where  specific  gravity  may 
be  used.  The  table  is  extended  to  82.5  per  cent.  SOs  which  is 
very  convenient  for  plant  use.  Strengths,  81.9  per  cent.  SOs  or 
over  may  again  be  determined  by  using  direct  specific-gravity 
readings.  Over  82.5  per  cent.  SOs  the  dilution  test  cannot  be 


82 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


used  with  accuracy  as  the  sudden  evolution  of  heat  upon  mixing 
with  water  causes  the  solution  to  splash  about  and  some,  there- 
fore, may  be  lost. 

The  table  is  calculated  for  mixing  equal  volumes  of  water  and 
acid  at  15.56°C.     The  following  formula  is  used: 

Let  A  =  density  of  water  at  15.56°C.  (0.99904) 

1  5  56° 

B  =  specific  gravity  of  acid      '     0C. 

1  o.oo 

C  =  weight  of  SO3  in  B 

D  =  percentage  SO3  in  mixture 

E  =  specific  gravity  of  mixture  corresponding  to  D 


Then 


100  C 


=  D 


A  +  B 

The  temperature  allowance  for  each  degree  Centigrade  is 
0.00081  specific  gravity.  If  the  specific  gravity  of  the  diluted 
solution  is  observed  at  any  of  the  following  given  temperatures, 
above  15.56°C.  add,  below — deduct,  the  corresponding  specific- 
gravity  correction.  Then  consult  the  table  under  the  caption 
''Specific  gravity  of  the  diluted  solution"  for  the  value  of  the 
corrected  specific  gravity. 


«c. 

Specific  gravity 
correction 

°c. 

Specific  gravity 
correction 

10 

.0046 

23 

.0060 

11 

.0037 

24 

.0069 

12 

.0029 

25 

.0077 

13 

.0021 

26 

.0085 

14 

.0013 

27 

.0093 

15 

.0005 

28 

.0101 

16 

.0004 

29 

.0109 

17 

.0012 

30 

.0117 

18 

.0020 

31 

.0125 

19 

.0028 

32 

.0133 

20 

.0036 

33 

.0141 

21 

.0044 

34 

.0150 

22 

.0052 

35 

.0158 

SPECIFIC-GRAVITY  TEST 


83 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  THE  DILUTED  SOLUTION 


lo.oo 


C. 


Per  cent.  SOj 

Specific  gravity 

Per  cent.  SOj 

Specific  gravity 

76.07 

1.5061 

79.2 

1  .  5345 

76.1 

1.5064 

79.3 

1.5354 

76.2 

1.5072 

79.4 

1.5363 

76.3 

1.5081 

79.5 

1.5372 

76.4 

1.5089 

79.6 

1.5381 

76.5 

.5099 

79.7 

1.5389 

76.6 

.5108 

79.8 

1.5398 

76.7 

.5117 

79.9 

1.5408 

76.73 

.5120 

80.0 

1.5417 

76.8 

.5127 

80.1 

1.5424 

76.9 

.5137 

80.2 

1.5431 

77.0 

.5147 

80.3 

1.5439 

77.1 

.5156 

80.4 

1.5449 

77.2 

.5164 

80.5 

1.5458 

77.3 

.5173 

80.6 

1.5467 

77.4 

.5183 

80.7 

1.5475 

77.5 

.5192 

80.8 

1.5484 

77.55 

.5196 

80.82 

1.5485 

'77.6 

.5200 

80.9 

.5493 

77.7 

.5209 

81.0 

.5501 

77.8 

.5218 

81.1 

.5509 

77.9 

1.5227 

81.2 

.5518 

78.0 

1  .  5237 

81.3 

.5526 

78.1 

1  .  5247 

81.4 

.5534 

78.2 

1.5256 

81.5 

.5542 

78.3 

1.5264 

81.6 

1.5551 

78.37 

1.5271 

81.63 

1.5554 

78.4 

1.5273 

81.7 

1.5563 

78.5 

1.5283 

81.8 

1.5577 

78.6 

1.5291 

81.9 

1.5590 

78.7 

1.5301 

82.0 

.5604 

78.8 

1.5310 

82.1 

.5616 

78.9 

1.5319 

82.2 

.5628 

79.0 

1.5328 

82.3 

.5639 

79.1 

1.5336 

82.4 

.5652 

79.18 

1  .  5343 

82.5 

.5664 

84 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


Two  hundred  cubic  centimeters  of  acid  at  15.56°C.  and  200  c.< 
of  water  at  15.56°C.  are  a  convenient  amount  to  mix. 

Obtain  the  temperature  of  both  the  acid  and  water.  If  the 
vary  from  15.56°C.  use  the  amounts  given  below  for  the  variou 
temperatures,  calculated  as  follows: 

200  (specific  gravity  at  15.56°C.) 
specific  gravity  at  t°C. 


Temp. 

Acid 

Water 

Temp. 

Acid 

Water 

10°C 

199.4c.c. 

199.9  c.c. 

23°C. 

200.8  c.c. 

200.3  C.C. 

11 

199.5 

199.9 

24 

200.9 

200.4 

12 

199.6 

199.9 

.    25 

201.0 

200.4 

13 

199.7 

199.9 

26 

201.1 

200.5 

14 

199.8 

200.0 

27 

201.3 

200.5 

15 

199.9 

200.0 

28 

201.4 

200.6 

15.56 

200.0 

200.0 

29 

201.5 

200.6 

16 

200.1 

200.0 

30 

201.6 

200.7 

17 

200.2 

200.1 

31 

201.7 

200.7 

18 

200.3 

200.1 

32 

201.8 

200.8 

19 

200.4 

200.1 

33 

201.9 

200.9 

20 

200.5 

200.2 

34 

202.0 

201.0 

21 

200.6 

200.2 

35 

202.1 

201.0 

22 

200.7 

200.3 

Example. — A  sample  of  acid  is  drawn  from  a  storage  tank  an 
the  temperature  is  found  to  be  30°C. 

The  'temperature  of  the  water  to  be  used  is  24°. 

After  consulting  the  preceding  tables  to  ascertain  the  amount 
to  use  for  those  temperatures,  201.6  c.c.  acid  and  200.4  c.c.  wate 
are  mixed  and  the  mixture  then  cooled. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  mixture  is  found  to  be  1.5388  an 
the  temperature  at  the  time  of  its  determination  20°. 

The  corresponding  specific  gravity  correction  at  20°  is  0.003( 
1.5388  +  0.0036  =  1.5424 

80.1  per  cent.  S03  corresponds  to  1.5424  specific  gravity. 


SPECIFIC-GRAVITY  TEST 

SULPHURIC  ACID 
Per  cent.  SO3  corresponding  to  even  percentages  H2SO4 


85 


Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Per  cent. 
80s 

Per  cent. 
HZS04 

Per  rent. 
SOa 

Per  cent. 
H.S04 

Per  cent. 
SOj 

1 

.82 

35 

28.57 

68 

55.51 

2 

1.63 

36 

29.39 

69 

56.32 

3 

2.45 

37 

30.20 

70 

57.14 

4 

3.27 

38 

31.02 

71 

57.96 

5 

4.08 

39 

31.84 

72 

58.77 

6 

4.90 

40 

32.65 

73 

59.59 

7 

5.71 

41 

33.47 

74 

60.41 

8 

6.53 

42 

34.28 

75 

61.22 

9 

7.35 

43 

35.10 

76 

62.04 

10 

8.16 

44 

35.92 

77 

62.86 

11 

8.98 

45 

36.73 

78 

63.67 

12 

9.80 

46 

37.55 

79 

64.49 

13 

10.61 

47 

38.37 

80 

65.30 

14 

11.43 

48 

39.18 

81 

66.12 

15 

12.24 

49 

40.00 

82 

66.94 

16 

13.06 

50 

40.82 

83 

67.75 

17 

13.88 

51 

41.63 

84 

68.57 

18 

14.69 

52 

42.45 

85 

69.39 

19 

15.51 

53 

43.26 

86                  70.20 

20 

16.33 

54 

44.08 

87 

71.02 

21 

17.14 

55 

44.90 

88 

71.83 

22 

17.96 

56 

45.71 

89 

72.65 

23 

18.77 

57 

46.54 

90 

73.47 

24 

19.59 

58 

47.36 

91 

74.28 

25 

20.41 

59 

48.17 

92 

75.10 

26 

21.22 

60 

48.99 

93 

75.92 

27 

22.04 

61 

49.79 

94 

76.73 

28 

22.86 

62 

50.61 

95 

77.55 

29 

23.67 

63 

51.43 

96                  78.36 

30 

24.49 

64 

52.24 

97                  79.18 

31 

25.31 

65 

53.06 

98                 80.00 

32 

26.12 

66 

53.88 

99                  80  .  81 

33 

26.94 

67 

54.69 

100 

81.63 

34 

27.75 

86 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


Per  cent. 


SULPHURIC  ACID 
corresponding  to  even  percentages  SO3 


Per  cent. 
80s 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Per  cent. 
80s 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Per  cent. 
80s 

Per  cent. 
H2S04  • 

1 

1.23 

29 

35.53 

56 

67.60 

2 

2.45 

30 

36.75 

57 

68.83 

3 

3.68 

31 

37.98 

58 

70.05 

4 

4.90 

32 

39.20 

59 

71.28 

5 

6.13 

33 

40.43 

60 

72.50 

6 

7.35 

34 

41.65 

61 

73.73 

7 

8.58 

35 

42.88 

62 

74.95 

8 

9.80 

36 

44.10 

63 

76.18 

9 

11.03 

37 

45.33 

64 

77.40 

10 

12.25 

38 

46.55 

65 

78  63 

11 

13:48 

39 

47.78 

66 

79.85 

12 

14.70 

40 

49.00 

67 

81.08 

13 

15.93 

41 

50.23 

68 

82.30 

14 

17.15 

42 

51.45 

69 

83.53 

15 

18.38 

43 

52.68 

70 

84.75 

16 

19.60 

44 

53.90 

71 

85.98 

17 

20.83 

45 

55.13 

72 

87.20 

18 

22.05 

46 

56.35 

73 

88.43 

19 

23.28 

47 

57.58 

74 

89.65 

20 

24.50 

48 

58.80 

75 

90.88 

21 

25.73 

49 

59.03 

76 

93.10 

22 

26.95 

50 

60.25 

77 

93.33 

23 

28.18 

51 

61.48 

78 

94.55 

24 

29.40 

52 

62.70 

79 

95.78 

'25 

30.63 

53 

63.93 

80 

98.00 

26 

31.85 

54 

65.15 

81                  98.23 

27 

33.08 

55 

66.38 

81.63            100.00 

28 

34.30 

ACID  CALCULATIONS,  USE  OF  SPECIFIC-GRAVITY  TABLES,  ESTI- 
MATING STOCKS,  ETC. 

Correction  for  temperature  must  be  made  when  determining 
the  specific  gravity.  As  an  example  illustrating  the  use  to  which 
the  specific-gravity  tables  may  be  put:  suppose  it  is  required  to 


ACID  CALCULATIONS  87 

calculate  the  number  of  pounds  of  50°Be.  sulphuric  acid  in  a 
storage  tank,  the  following  data  being  given: 

Calculating  the  volume  in  the  tank  we  find  2100  cu.  ft.  at  a 
temperature  of  38°C. 

A  sample  taken  from  the  tank  and  specific  gravity  determined 
in  the  laboratory  shows  56.88°Be.  at  33°C.  Correction  must  be 
made  for  temperature  in  order  to  reduce  it  to  15.56°C.,  the  tem- 
perature for  which  the  tables  are  constructed: 

33  -  15.56  =  17.44  difference 

From  the  table  under  the  caption  "  Allowance  for  temper ature" 
it  is  seen  that  the  allowance  for  60°Be*.  is  0.047°Be.  for  each  de- 
gree Centigrade  and  that  the  correction  for  50°Be.  is  0.050°Be*. 
As  the  acid  in  question  is  about  midway  between  these  points, 
the  allowance  for  each  degree  Centigrade  is  very  nearly  0.048°Be\ 

The  correction  for  temperature  is 

17.44  X  0.048  =  0.84°Be. 

and  as  the  standard  temperature,  15.56°C.,  is  lower  than  33°,  the 
temperature  at  which  the  Baume  of  the  sample  was  taken,  this 
amount  must  be  added. 

The  Baume  of  the  acid  at  15.56°C.  is,  then, 

56.88  +  0.84  =  57.72°Be. 

The  Baume  of  the  acid  at  38°C.,  the  temperature  of  the  acid 
in  the  tank,  is  calculated, 

38  -  15.56  =  22.44  difference 
22.44  X  0.048  =  1.08°Be. 

and  as  the  density  of  the  acid  is  lowered  as  the  temperature  is 
raised 

57.72  -  1.08  =  56.64°Be.  at  38°C. 


88  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

The  easiest  way  to  obtain  the  specific  gravity  corresponding 
to  this  degree  Baume  is  by  interpolating  the  given  data: 

57°Be\  =  1.6477  specific  gravity 
56°Be.  =  1.6292  specific  gravity 
0.0185  difference 

56.64  -  56.00  =  0.064°Be.  difference 
0.0185  X  0.064    =  0.0118 

1.6292  +  0.0118  =  1.6410  specific  gravity  correspond- 
ing to  56.64°Be 

Then  as  2100  cu.  ft.  are  in  the  tank,  the  pounds  are 

2100  X  62.37  X  1.641  -  214,933  Ib.  57.72°Be\ 

If  it  is  required  to  calculate  this  acid  on  a  50°Be.  basis,  the 
pounds  of  50°Be.  corresponding  to  57.72°Be.  is  easily  found  by 
interpolating  from  the  table. 

58°Be.  =  119.59  per  cent.  50°Be\ 
57cBe.  =  117.00  per  cent.  50°Be\ 

2.59  per  cent.  50°Be.  difference 
57.72  -  57.00  =  0.72°Be.  difference 
2.59  X    0.72  =  1.86 

117+    1.86  =  118.86  per  cent.   50°Be.   acid  cor- 
responding to  57.72°Be.  acid 
214,933  X  1.1886  =  255,469  Ib.  of  50°Be. 

If  it  is  required  to  calculate  on  a  " pounds  SO3"  basis,  the  per- 
centage S03  in  57.72°Be.  acid  is  calculated  from  the  table  by 
interpolation. 

58°Be.  =  60.70  per  cent.  SO3 

57°B6.  =  59.39  per  cent.  S03 

1.31  difference 
0.72  X  1.31  =  0.94 

59.39  +  0.94  =  60.33  per  cent.  S03  corresponding  to  57.72°Be. 
214,933  X  0.6033  =  129,669  Ib.  S03. 


DILUTION  AND  CONCENTRATION  89 

DILUTION  AND  CONCENTRATION  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  TO  FORM 
SOLUTIONS  OF  ANY  DESIRED  STRENGTH 

1.  To  Prepare  a  Definite  Amount  of  Dilute  Solution,  by  Mixing 
a  Strong  Solution  with  a  Weak  Solution.  — 

Let   X  =  quantity  of  weak  solution  to  be  used  in  the  mixture 
Y  =  quantity  of  strong  solution  to  be  used  in  the  mixture 
A  =  strength  of  strong  solution 
B  =  strength  of  desired  solution 
C  =  strength  of  weak  solution 
D  =  desired  quantity 
D(A  -  B) 

A-C 
Y  =  D  -  X 

Example  1.  —  How  many  pounds  of  60.7  per  cent.  SOs  and  how 
many  pounds  of  80.0  per  cent.  SOa  must  be  mixed  to  obtain 
70,000  lb.  of  76.07  per  cent.  SO3? 

X  =  70,000(80.0  -  76.07)/(80.0  -  60.7)  =  14,254  lb. 
Y  =  70,000  -  14,254  =  55,746  lb. 

X  +  Y  =  70,000  lb. 

If  water  is  to  be  used  for  diluting,  the  formula  may  be  some 
what  simplified. 

X  =  D  -  Y 


2.  To  Prepare  a  Definite  Amount  of  a  Stronger  Solution,  by 
Mixing  a  Weaker  Solution  with  a  Stronger  Solution.  —  This 
formula  is  the  reverse  of  formula  (1). 

Let   X  =  quantity  of  strong  solution  to  be  used  in  the  mixture 
Y  =  quantity  of  weak  solution  to  be  used  in  the  mixture 
A  =  strength  of  strong  solution 
B  =  strength  of  desired  solution 
C  =  strength  of  weak  solution 
D  =  desired  quantity 
v  _  D  (B  -  C) 

A-C 
Y  =  D  -  X 


90  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Example  2. — How  many  pounds  of  60.7  per  cent.  SO3  and  how 
many  pounds  of  80.0  per  cent.  SO3  must  be  mixed  to  obtain 
70,000  Ib.  of  76.07  per  cent.  S03? 

X  =  70,000(76.07  -  60.7)/(80.0  -  60.7)  =  55,746  Ib. 

Y  =  70,000  -  55,746  =  14,254  Ib. 

X  +  Y  =  70,000  Ib. 


3.  Dilution  of  a  Definite  Amount  of  a  Stronger  Solution,  thus 
Producing  a  Greater  Amount  of  a  more  Dilute  Solution. — 

Let          X  =  quantity  of  diluting  solution  that  must  be  added 
A  =  strength  of  solution  to  be  diluted 
B  =  strength  of  desired  solution 
C  =  strength  of  diluting  solution 
D  =  quantity  of  solution  to  be  diluted 
D  +  X  =  total  quantity  of  corrected  solution 
v  _    D(A  -  B) 
X  "       B-C 


Example  3. — How  many  pounds  of  a  60.7  per  cent.  SO3  must 
be  added  to  70,000  Ib.  of  80.0  per  cent.  SO3to  make  a  whole  ,of 
76.07  per  cent.  SO3? 

X  =  70,000(80.0-76.07)/(76.07-60.7)  =  17,899  Ib.  60.7  per  cent. 
D  +  X  =  70,000  +  17,899  =87,899  Ib.  76.07  per  cent. 


Calculating  the  same  example  by  ratios,  where  X  =  the 
amount  of  diluting  solution  that  must  be  added. 

Examples  1  and  2  show  14,254  Ib.  of  60.7  per  cent.  SO3  must 
be  mixed  with  55,746  Ib.  of  80.0  per  cent.  SO3  to  make  a  whole 
of  76.07  per  cent.'  S03. 


DILUTION  AND  CONCENTRATION  91 

Therefore  we  have  the  ratio 

14,254  :  55,746  ::  X  :  70,000 
X  =  17,899  Ibs.  60.7  per  cent,  that  must  be  added. 

4.  Concentration  of  a  Definite  Amount  of  a  Weaker  Solution, 
thus  Producing  a  Greater  Amount  of  a  More  Concentrated 
Solution. — 

Let          X  =  quantity  of  strengthening  solution  that  must  be 

added 

A  =  strength  of  strengthening  solution 
B  —  strength  of  desired  solution 
C  =  strength  of  solution  to  be  corrected 
D  =  quantity  of  solution  to  be  corrected 
D  +  X  =  total  quantity  of  corrected  solution 
D(B  -  C) 
A  -B 

Example  4. — How  many  pounds  of  80.0  per  cent.  SO3  must  be 
added  to  70,000  Ib.  of  60.7  per  cent.  SO3  to  make  a  whole  of 
76.07  per  cent.  SO3? 

X  =  70,000(76.07  -  60.7)/(80.0  -  76.07)  =  273,766 
D  +  X  =  70,000  +  273,766  =  343,766 

This  may  also  be  calculated  by  ratio,  where  X  =  the  amount 
of  strengthening  solution  that  must  be  added. 

Examples  1  and  2  show  55,746  Ib.  of  80.0  per  cent.  SO3  must 
be  mixed  with  14,254  Ib.  of  60.7  per  cent.  S03  to  make  a  whole 
of  76.07  per  cent.  SO3. 

Therefore  we  have  the  ratio 

55,746  : 14,254  ::  X  :  70,000 
X  =  273,766  Ib.  80.0  per  cent,  that  must  be  added. 

5.  Rectangle  Method  for  Dilution  and  Concentration  of  Sul- 
phuric Acid  to  Form  Solutions  of  any  Desired  Strength. — The 
figures  expressing  the  strengths  of  the  two  solutions  are  written 
in  the  two  left-hand  corners  of  a  rectangle,  and  the  figure  express- 


92 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


ing  the  desired  strength  is  placed  on  the  intersection  of  the  two 
diagonals  of  this  rectangle. 

Now  subtract  the  figures  on  the  diagonals,  the  smaller  from 
the  larger,  and  write  the  result  at  the  other  end  of  the  respective 
diagonal.  These  figures  then  indicate  what  quantities  of  the 
solution  whose  strength  is  given  on  the  other  end  of  the  respective 
horizontal  line,  must  be  taken  to  obtain  a  solution  of  the  desired 
strength. 

80T 


00 


If) 


Example  5. — To  make  a  65  per  cent.  S03  acid  by  mixing  an  80 
per  cent.  SO3  and  a  60  per  cent.  S03  acid  we  prepare  the  above 
figure  which  indicates  that  we  have  to  take  5  parts  by  weight 
of  the  80  per  cent,  acid  and  15  parts  by  weight  of  60  per  cent, 
acid  to  obtain  20  parts  (5  +  15)  of  the  65  per  cent.  acid. 

Or  %o  parts  of  an  80  per  cent.  S03  and  I%Q  parts  of  a  60 
per  cent.  SO3  will,  if  mixed,  give  1  part  of  a  65  per  cent.  SO3. 
Suppose  it  is  desired  to  mix  500  Ib.     Proceed  as  follows : 
500  X    %0  =  125  Ib.  80  per  cent.  SO3 
500  X  1%Q  =_375  Ib.  60  per  cent.  S03 
500" 


Suppose  it  is  required  to  know  how  much  60  per  cent.  SO3  must 
be  added  to  500  Ib.  80  per  cent.  S03  to  make  a  whole  of  65  per 
cent.  SO3. 

Proceed  as  follows: 

cnn 

-  500  =  1500  Ib.  60  per  cent.  SO3 


«o 


Or 


X  500  =  1500 


Suppose  it  is  required  to  know  how  much  80  per  cent.  S03  must 
be  added  to  500  Ib.  60  per  cent.  SOs  to  make  a  whole  of  65  per 
cent.  SO3. 


DILUTION  AND  CONCENTRATION  93 

Proceed  as  follows: 

500 
-is/-     -  500  =  167  Ib.  80  per  cent.  SO3 

Or  £{5  X  500  =  167 

Notes. — 1.  When  mixtures  of  non-fuming  acid  are  calculated, 
either  the  SO3  or  H2SO4  percentages  may  be  used.  When  non- 
fuming  and  fuming  acid  are  to  be  mixed  or  fuming  acid  of  one 
strength  to  be  mixed  with  fuming  acid  of  another  strength,  SO3, 
percentages  should  be  used  unless  the  H2SO4  percentage  of  the 
fuming  acid  be  expressed  in  its  equivalent  to  100  per  cent,  H2SO4. 
"For  instance  an  acid  of  85.30  per  cent.  SO3  has  an  actual  H2SC>4 
content  of  80  per  cent,  and  its  100  per  cent,  equivalent  would  be 
104.49  per  cent. 

2.  These  formulas  are  accurate  when  the  weights  of  solutions 
are  considered.  If  the  specific  gravities  are  closely  related,  the 
formulas  may  be  used  for  volumes.  When  this  assumption  is 
not  permissible,  the  weights  may  be  calculated,  and  knowing  the 
weights  of  the  components,  the  volumes  requisite  calculated  from 

the  formula —  Mass 

\  olume  = 


Weight 

On  mixing  such  solutions,  to  use  this  formula,  it  must  be  as- 
sumed that  the  volumes  are  additive,  i.e.,  no  change  of  volume 
takes  place  upon  mixing. 

To  illustrate  the  use  of  this  formula:  Example  1  shows  14,254 
Ib.  of  60.7  per  cent.  SO3  must  be  mixed  with  55,746  Ib.  of  80.0 
per  cent.  SO3  to  obtain  70,000  Ib.  of  76.07  per  cent.  SO3. 

76.07  per  cent.  SO3  weighs  114.47  Ib.  per  cubic  foot  at  15.56°C. 


7O  fifin 

-  =  611.5  cu.  ft.  =  volume  of  70,000  Ib.  76.07  per  cent, 
114.47 

60.7  per  cent,  SO3  weighs  103.95  Ib.  per  cubic  foot  at  15.56°C. 

14  9^4. 

T^~~  =  137.1  cu.  ft.  =  volume  of  14,254  Ib.,  60.7  per  cent. 

lUo.  t/O 

611.5  -  137.1  =  474.4 

Therefore,  474.4  cu.  ft.  of  80.0  per  cent,  mixed  with  137.1  cu.  ft.  of 
60.7  per  cent,  will  make  61  1.  5  cu.  ft.  or  70,000  Ib.  of  76.07  per  cent. 


94 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


In  using  this  method  it  must  also  be  assumed  that  both  acids 
used  in  mixing  are  15.56°C.,  unless  the  coefficients  of  expansion 
be  calculated  for  differences  in  temperature.  This,  however,  is 
unnecessary  as  very  accurate  results  may  be  obtained  without 
this  calculation. 

Table  for  Mixing  59°Ee.1  Sulphuric  Acid 
Giving  percentage  (by  volume)  of  various  strengths  weak  acid  to  use  with 

various  strengths  strong  acid 
59°Be".  =  62.03  per  cent.  SO3  =  75.99  per  cent.  H2SO4 


Degrees  Baum6 
Weak  acid 

Per  cent.  SOs  in  strong  acid 

79.5 

80.0 

80.5 

81.0 

54.0 

77.4 

78.1 

78.5 

79.2 

54.2 

78.1 

78.7 

79.0 

79.7 

54.4 

78.7 

79.4 

79.7 

80.3 

54.6 

79.4 

80.0 

80.3 

81.0 

54.8 

80.0 

80.7 

81.0 

81.6 

55.0 

80.8 

81.3 

81.6 

82.3 

55.2 

81.5 

82.0 

82.3     . 

82.9 

55.4 

82.1 

82.6 

82.9 

83.6 

55.6 

82.9 

83.3 

83.7 

84.2 

55.8 

83.7 

84.1 

84.6 

85.0 

56.0 

84.6 

84.9 

85.4 

85.9 

56.2 
56.4 

85.4 
86.2 

85.7 
86*5 

86.2 
87.0 

86.7 
87.5 

56.6 

87.0 

87.3 

87.8 

88.3 

56,8 

87.8 

88.3 

88.6 

89.1 

57^0 

88.8 

89.3 

89.6 

89.9 

57.2 

89.8 

90.2 

90.6 

90.7 

57.4 

90.7 

91.2 

91.5 

91.7 

57.6 

91.7 

92.2 

92.5 

92.7 

57.8 

92.9 

93.2 

93.5 

93.7 

58.0 

94.0 

94.3 

94.5 

94.6 

58.2 

95.1 

95.5 

95.5 

95.6 

58.4 

96.3 

96.6 

96.6 

96.6 

58.6 

97.4 

97.7 

97.7 

97.7 

58.8 

98.7 

98.9 

98.9 

98.9 

59.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

1  It  is  advisable  to  ship  or  store  59°  instead  of  60°  during  the  winter 
months  on  account  of  its  much  lower  freezing  point. 


DILUTION  AND  CONCENTRATION 


95 


Table  for  Mixing  60°Be.  Sulphuric  Acid 

Giving  percentage  (by  volume)  of  various  strengths  weak  acid  to  use  with 

various  strengths  strong  acid 
60°Be\  =  63.40  per  cent.  SO3  =  77.67  per  cent.  H2SO4 


Degrees  Baum6 
Weak  acid 

Per  cent,  in  strong  acid 

79.5 

80.0 

80.5 

81.0 

55.0 

75.3 

76.1 

76.6 

77.2 

55.2 

75.9 

76.8 

77.2 

77.9 

55.4 

76.6 

77.4 

77.9 

78.5 

55.6 

77.2 

78.1 

78.5 

79.2 

55.8 

77.9 

78.7                  79.2 

79.8 

56.0 

78.7 

79.4 

79.8 

80.5 

56.2 

79.5 

80.2 

80.7 

81.1 

56.4 

80.3 

81.0 

81.5 

81.8 

56.6 

81.1 

81.8 

82.3 

82.6 

56.8 

82.0 

82.6 

83.1 

83.4 

57.0 

82.8 

83.4 

83.9 

84.2 

57.2 

83.7 

84.2 

84.7 

85.0 

57.4 

84.7 

85.0 

85.5 

85.9 

57.6 

85.7 

86.0 

86.3 

86.7 

57.8 

86.7 

87.0 

87.3 

87.6 

58.0 

87.6 

88.0 

88.3 

88.6 

58.2 

88.6 

88.9 

89.3 

89.6 

58.4 

89.8 

90.1 

90.2 

90.6 

58.6 

90.9 

91.2 

91.4 

91.5 

58.8 

92.0 

92.4 

92.6 

92.7 

59.0 

93.2 

93.5 

93.7 

93.8       • 

59.2 

94.5 

94.8 

94.8 

95.0 

59.4 

95.8 

96.1 

96.1 

96.1 

59.6 

97.1 

97.4 

97.4 

97.4 

59.8 

98.5 

98.7 

98.7 

98.7 

60.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

96 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


Table  for  Mixing  66°Be\  Sulphuric  Acid 

Giving  percentage  (by  volume)  of  various  strengths  strong  acid  to  use  with 

various  strengths  weak  acid 
66°Be.  =  76.07  per  cent.  SO3  =  93.19  per  cent.  H2SO4 


Degrees 
Baum6 
Weak 
acid 

Per  cent.  SOs  in  strong  acid 

79.0 

79.2 

79.4 

79.6 

79.8 

80.0 

80.2 

80.4 

80.6 

80.8 

81.0 

81.2 

81.4 

50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
•      58 
59 
60 
61 

87.5 
87.2 
86.7 
86.2 
85.5 
84.9 
84.2 
83.4 
82.4 
81.3 
79.8 
78.1 

86.7 
86.3 
85.9 
85.4 
84.7 
83.9 
83.3 
82.4 
81.5 
80.2 
78.7 
76.9 

85.9 
85.5 
85.0 
84.6 
83.9 
83.1 
82.4 
81.5 

85.0 

84.7 
84.2 
83.7 
83.1 
82.3 
81.5 
80  5 

84.4 
83.9 
83.4 
82.9 
82.3 
81.5 
80.7 
79  7 

83.7 
83.3 
82.8 
82.1 
81.5 
80.7 
79.8 
78  9 

82.9 
82.4 
82.0 
81.3 
80.7 
79.  -8 
79.0 
78  1 

82.3 
81.8 
81.1 
80.5 
79.8 
79.0 
78.2 
77  ?, 

81.6 
81.1 
80.5 
79.7 
79.0 
78.2 
77.4 
76  4 

81.0 
80.5 
79.8 
79.0 
78.2 
77.4 
76.6 
75  6 

80.3 
79.8 
79.2 
78.4 
77.6 
76.6 
75.8 
74  8 

79.7 
79.0 
78.4 
77.7 
76.9 
75.9 
75.0 
74  0 

79.0 

78.4 
77.7 
77.1 
76.3 
75.3 
74.3 
73  0 

80.579.5j78.5 
79.278.277.2 
77.676.475.5 
75.874.673.5 

77.6 
76.3 
74.5 
72.4 

76.6 
75.3 
73.5 

71.4 

75.8 
74.3 
72.5 
70.4 

75.0 
73.3 
71.5 
69.4 

74.2 
72.5 
70.7 
68.5 

73.3 
71.7 
69.9 
67.6 

72.5 
71.1 
69.1 
66.8 

71.7 
70.2 
68.1 
65.9 

FORMATION  OF  MIXTURES  OF  SULPHURIC  AND  NITRIC  ACIDS  OF 
DEFINITE  COMPOSITION 


( So-called  ''Mixed  Acids") 

" Mixed  acid"  is  a  commercial  term,  generally  meaning  a  mix- 
ture of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids.  Such  mixtures  are  extensively 
used  in  manufacturing  processes.  On  account  of  the  relative 
high  cost  of  concentrated  nitric  acid,  compared  with  that  of  the 
dilute  acid,  the  concentrated  acid  is  diluted  with  a  weak  solution 
of  the  acid,  instead  of  with  water,  using  a  minimum  quantity  of 
concentrated  and  a  maximum  quantity  of  dilute  nitric  acid. 
Water,  as  such,  is  seldom  used. 

Example  1. — Calculate  the  quantities  of  acids  necessary  to 


FORMATIONS  OP  MIXTURES  97 

make  a  mixture  ("mix")  of  60,000  Ib.  of  a  mixed  acid  to  consist 
of 

Per  cent. 

H2SO4  (add  as  98  per  cent.  H2SO4) 46 . 00 

HN03  (add  as  61.4  per  cent,  and  as  95.5 

.   percent.) 49.00 

H20 5.00 

100.00 

60,000  X  0.46  =  27,600  Ib.  H2S04  called  for 
60,000  X  0.49  =  29,400  Ib.  HNO3  called  for 
60,000  X  0.05  =  3,000  Ib.  H2O  called  for 

60,000 

27,600/0.98  =  28,163lb.  98  per  cent.  H2SO4totake 
60,000  -  28,163  =  31,837  Ib.  still  to  add 
29,400  Ib.  of  100  per  cent,  nitric  acid  are  called  for;  the  weight 
of  material  still  to  be  added,  after  the  98  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid 
is  added,  is  31,837.     This  makes 

29,400/31,837  X  100  =  92.35  per  cent.  HNO3  to  be  added 
To  make  31,837  Ib.  of  an  acid  of  this  concentration  from  95.5 
per  cent,  and  61.4  per  cent,  nitric  acid,  using  formula  (2). 

31,837    (92.35  -  61.4)/(95.50  -  61.4)  =  28,896   Ib.   94.5   per 
cent.  HNO3  to  take. 

31,837  -  28,896  =  2,941  Ib.  61.4  per  cent.  HN03  to  take 
So,  to  make  the  mix,  use 

H2SO4  =  28,163  Ib.  98.0  per  cent. 
HNO3  =  28,896  Ib.  95.5  per  cent. 
HN03  =    2,941  Ib.  61.4  per  cent. 
60,000  Ib. 

STRENGTHENING  A  MIXED  ACID  BY  MEANS  OF  A  FUMING 
SULPHURIC  ACID 

Example  2. — Let  it  be  required  to  make  61,320  Ib.  of  a  mixed 
acid  of  the  composition: 

7 


98  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Per  cent. 

HNO3  (add  as  94.5  per  cent.  HNO3) 56 . 00 

H2SO4  (add  as  98.56  per  cent.  H2SO4  and  as  20  per 
cent,  fuming  sulphuric  acid,  a  minimum  of  which 

is  to  be  taken) 41 . 00 

H20 3.00 

100.00 

The  tank  in  which  the  acid  is  to  be  mixed  already  contains 
2,604  Ib.  of  the  remains  of  a  previous  mix  of  the  composition: 

Per  cent. 

HNO3 52.00 

H2SO4 42.50 

H20 5.50 

Solution. — 

61,320  X  0.56    =  34,339  Ib.  HN03  called  for 

61,320  X  0.41     =  25,141  Ib.  H2SO4  called  for 

61,320  X  0.03    =    1,840  Ib.  H20     called  for 

2,604  X  0.52    =     1,354  Ib.  HN03  in  tank 

2,604  X  0.425  =     1,107  Ib.  H2SO4  in  tank 

2,604  X  0.055  =        143  Ib.  H20     in  tank 

Thus  we  have: 

Required:  25,141  Ib.  H2SO4  34,339  Ib.  HNO3  1,840  Ib.  H2O 
In  tank:       1,107  1,354  143 

To  be  added:  24,034  Ib.  H2S04  32,985  Ib.  HN03  1,697  Ib.  H2O 

If  the  attempt  were  made  to  calculate  the  weights  of  acid  to 
add  by  the  previous  method,  it  would  be  seen  that  the  method 
would  not  work  as  too  much  water  would  be  added  with  the 
sulphuric  acid  and,  hence,  a  nitric  acid  stronger  than  94.5  per 
cent.  HN03  would  have  to  be  used  to  complete  the  mix;  hence, 
fuming  sulphuric  acid  will  have  to  be  employed. 
Thus: 

24,034/0.9866  =  24,385  Ib.  98.56  per  cent.  H2SO4 
24,385  -  24,034  =  351  Ib.  H20  added  with  the  98.56  per  cent. 

H2S04 
1,697  -  351  =  1,346  Ib.  H20  remaining 


FORMATION  OP  MIXTURES  99 

Adding  this  water  with  the  nitric  acid  would  call  for  a  stronger 
nitric  acid  than  94.5  per  cent.  HNO3,  as  is  seen  from  the  following: 

32,985  +  1,346  =  34,331  Ib.  HNO3  and  H2O  still  to  add 
32,985/34,331  X  100  =  96.08  per  cent.  HN03  required  to  com- 
plete the  mix. 

Going  back  to  the  original  figures  after  this  preliminary  calcu- 
lation which  has  shown  the  necessity  of  using  fuming  sulphuric 
acid;  first  calculating  the  weight  of  nitric  acid  to  be  added: 

32,985/0.945  =  34,905  Ib.  94.5  per  cent.  HNO3  to  add 
34,905  -  32,985  =  1,920  Ib.  H20  added  with  the  94.5  per  cent. 

HN03 

But  the  mix  only  calls  for  1,697  Ib.  of  water,  hence 
1,920  -  1,697  =  223  Ib.  H2O  will  be  added  in  excess.     This 
water  must  be  taken  up  with  fuming  sulphuric  acid.     Now  to 
the  acid  already  in  the  tank  the  following  quantities  of  acid  must 
be  added: 

H2SO4  =  24,034  Ib.  100  per  cent.  H2S04 
HNO3  =  32,985  Ib.  100  per  cent.  HNO3 
H20  =  1,697  Ib.  100  per  cent.  H20 

58,716 

In  adding  34,905  Ib.  of  94.5  per  cent.  HN03  there  remain  only 
58,716  -  34,905  =  23,811  Ib.  of  sulphuric  acid  to  add.  To 
adjust  proportions  and  not  add  more  acid  than  called  for  is  done 
by  adding  fuming  sulphuric  acid  which  takes  up  the  water  from 
the  nitric  acid.  The  percentage  strength  of  the  sulphuric  acid 
requisite  is 

24,034/23,811  X  100  =  100.94  per  cent.  H2S(X 
The  percentage  of  SO3  in  100.94  per  cent.  H2SO4  is  0.8163  X 
100.94  =  82.40  per  cent. 

In  98.56  per  cent.  H2S04  the  percentage  of  S03  is  0.8163  X 
98.56  =  80.45  per  cent. 

In  20  per  cent,  fuming  sulphuric  acid  the  percentage  of  SO?  is 
0.8163  (100  -  20)  +  20  =  85.30  per  cent. 


100  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Then,  to  make  23,811  Ib.  of  100.94  per  cent.  H2S04  from  20.00 
per  cent,  fuming  and  98.56  per  cent.  H2S04  require: 

23,811  (82.40  -  80.45)/(85.30  -  80.45)  =  9,573  Ib.  20  per 
cent,  fuming  sulphuric  acid, 

23,811  -  9,573  =  14,238  Ib.  98.56  per  cent.  H2S04 
So,  to  make  the  mix,  add  to  the  acid  already  in  the  tank: 

HNO3  =  34,905  Ib.  94.50  per  cent. 
H2SO4  =  14,238  Ib.  98.56  per  cent. 
H2S04  =  9,573  Ib.  20.00  per  cent. 

The  amount  of  20  per  cent,  fuming  to  use  may  be  calculated  by 
another  method.  Where  it  is  found  that  223  Ib.  of  H2O  will  be 
added  in  excess,  calculate  how  many  pounds  of  20  per  cent,  will 
be  necessary  to  take  up  this  water. 

4.4438  X  223  =  991  Ib.  free  S03  and  this  is  contained  in  4,955 
Ib.  20  per  cent. 

20  per  cent,  fuming  sulphuric  acid  is  equivalent  to  104.49  per 
cent.  100  per  cent.  H2SO4. 

The  addition  of  these  4,955  Ib.  20  per  cent,  corresponds  to  an 
addition  of— 

4,955  X  104.49/100  =  5,177  Ib.  of  100  per  cent.  H2SO4 

24,034  -  5,177  =  18,857  Ib.  of  100  per  cent.  H2S04  that  are 
yet  to  be  added. 

Now  calculate  how  much  20  per  cent,  fuming  and  98.56  per 
cent.  H2SO4  will  be  required  to  prepare  this  18,857  Ib.  100  per 
cent.  H2S04. 

Example  3. — It  is  frequently  desired  to  prepare  a  "mix"  from 
a  mixed  acid  already  on  hand  by  adding  to  it  the  requisite 
amounts  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acid  to  bring  it  up  to  the  desired 
concentration.  Thus  it  may  be  required  to  fortify  a  "spent" 
mixed  acid,  or  it  may  be  that  after  adding  the  calculated  amounts 
of  ingredients  to  make  a  batch  of  mixed  acid  that  the  mixed  acid 
resulting  does  not  analyze  up  to  specifications.  It  must  then 
be  adjusted  by  a  further  addition  of  the  deficient  constituent. 


FORMATION  OF  MIXTURES:  101 

Thus,  suppose  a  mixed  acid  of  the  following  ' 
desired  : 


H2SO4 

Per  cent. 
60   00 

HNO3 

22   50 

H2O 

17  50 

100.00 
and  there  is  on  hand  a  supply  of  mixed  acid  of  the  composition: 

Per  cent. 
H2SO4  ........................................       60.12 

HNO3  ..............................  ..........     20.23 

H20  ..........................................      19.65 

100.00 

A  97.5  per  cent.  H2SO4  and  a  90.5  per  cent.  HNO3  are  on  hand. 
How  many  pounds  of  each  of  these  two  acids  and  of  the  mixed 
acid  on  hand  must  be  taken  to  make  each  1000  Ib.  of  the  required 
mixture  without  adding  any  water? 
Let       x  =  weight  of  mixed  acid  to  take 

y  =  weight  of  97.5  per  cent.  H2SO4  to  take 
z  =  weight  of  90.5  per  cent.  HNO3  to  take 
Then   z(0.6012)  =  weight  H2SO4  (100  per  cent.)  in  the  mixed 

acid  on  hand. 
y(0.975)      =  weight  H2SO4  (100  per  cent.)  actually  added, 

when  adding  the  97.5  per  cent.  acid. 
z(0.2023)  =  weight  HNO3  (100  per  cent.)  in  the  mixed 

acid  on  hand. 
0(0.905)     =  weight  HNO3  (100  per  cent.)  actually  added, 

when  adding  the  90.5  per  cent.  acid. 
2/(0.025)     =  weight  H2O  contained  in  the  H2S04  (97.5  per 

cent.). 
2(0.095)     =  weight  H2O  contained  in  the  HNO3  (90.5  per 

cent.). 

x(0.1965)  =  weight  H2O  in  the  mixed  acid  on  hand. 
1000  Ib.  of  the  desired  mixture  must  evidently  contain: 
600  Ib.  H2SO4 
225  Ib.  HN03 
175  Ib.  H20 


102  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Therefore  we"  have  the  following  equations: 

(1)  3(0.6012)  +  ?/(0.975)  =  600  Ib.  H2SO4 

(2)  z(0.2023)  +  z(0.905)  =  225  Ib.  HNO3 

(3)  3(0.1965)  +  ?/(0.025)  +  z(0.905)  =  175  Ib.  H2O 
y  =  (600  -  zO.6012) /0.975  =  615.38  -  z(0.61662) 
z  =  (225  -  zO.2023) /0.905  =  248.62  -  z(0.22354) 

Substituting  these  two  equations  in  equation  (3),  we  obtain: 

0.1965z  +  15.38  -  0.01542z  +  23.62  -  0.02124z  =  175 
0.15984z  =  136. 

x  =  850.85  Ib.  of  the  mixed  acid  on  hand  to  take. 

Substituting  in  equation  (1) : 

y  =  (600  -  511.53)/0.975  =  90.74  Ib.  of  97.5  per  cent.  H2SO4 
to  take. 

Substituting  in  equation  (2) : 

z  =  (225  --  172.13)/0.905  =  58.41  Ib.  of  90.5  per  cent.  HNO3 
to  take. 

Therefore  for  each  1000  Ib.  of  the  desired  mixture  use 

Mixed  acid 850.85 

97.5    per  cent.  H2SO4 90.74 

90. 50  per  cent.  HN03 58.41 


1000.00 

The  ratios  of  these  values  may  be  used  either  to  prepare  a 
definite  amount  of  mixed  acid  or  to  correct  a  definite  amount  of 
" spent"  acid.  Knowing  the  ratios  per  1,000  Ib.  the  quantities 
requisite  for  any  weight  of  acid  are  readily  calculated. 

"Melting  point"  is  understood  to  be  the  temperature  to 
which  the  mercury  of  the  thermometer,  dipping  into  the  solidify- 
ing liquid,  rises  and  at  which  it  remains  constant. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  large  quantities  of  fuming  acid,  such 
as  exists  in  transportation  vessels,  frequently  do  not  behave  in 
accord  with  the  given  data,  because  during  the  carriage  and 


MELTING  POINTS  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 


103 


storage  a  separation  often  takes  place  in  the  acid,  crystals  of  a 
different  concentration  being  formed,  which,  of  course,  possess  a 
correspondingly  different  melting  point. 

The  figures  given  in  parentheses  signify  the  melting  points  of 
freshly  made  fuming  acid,  which  has  not  polymerized. 

BOILING  POINTS,  SULPHURIC  ACID 
(Lunge,  Ber.  11,  370) 


Per  cent. 
H2S04 

Boiling  point, 
°C. 

Per  cent. 
H2SO4 

Boiling  point, 
°C. 

Per  cent. 
HiSO* 

Boiling  point, 
°C. 

5 

101 

56 

133 

82 

218.5 

10 

102 

60 

141.5 

84 

227 

15 

103.5 

62.5 

147 

86 

238.5 

20 

105 

65 

153.5 

88 

251.5 

25 

106.5 

67.5 

161 

90 

262.5 

30 

108 

70 

170 

SI 

268 

35 

110 

72 

174.5 

92 

274.5 

40 

114 

74 

180.5 

93 

281.5 

45 

118.5 

76 

189 

94 

288.5 

50 

124 

78 

199 

95 

295 

53 

128.5 

80 

207 

100  per  cent,  begins  to  boil  at  290°  and  rises  to  338°  (Marignac). 
MELTING  POINTS  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 

Knietsch  (Ber.,  1901,  p.  4100)  gives  the  following  melting 
points  of  sulphuric  acid,  non-fuming  and  fuming  from  1  to  100 
per  cent.  80s. 

NOTE. — Melting  and  freezing  points  of  sulphuric  acid  are  not  the  same. 
The  mono-hydrate  (100  per  cent.  H2SO4)  for  instance  has  a  freezing  point 
of  about  0°C.  and  a  melting  point  of  10°C.  From  my  own  determinations, 
88.1  per  cent,  total  SO3  for  instance,  upon  cooling  gradually,  at  18°C.,  begins 
to  freeze,  solidifies  with  a  rise  of  temperature  and  remains  constant  at  26°C. 
18°  would  really  be  the  freezing  point  and  26°  the  melting  point.  Knietsch 
gives  his  melting  points  as  the  temperature  where  the  solidifying  liquid 
remains  constant. 

An  acid  cooled  below  its  melting  point  will  not  solidify  until  it  reaches  its 
freezing  point  unless  it  be  agitated  or  a  fragment  of  a  crystal  introduced. 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 
SULPHURIC  ACID,  MELTING  POINTS 


Per  cent, 
total 
S03 

Melting  point 

Per  cent 
total 
80s 

Melting  point 

Per 
cent, 
free 
SOs 

Melting  point 

°C. 

°F. 

°C. 

°F. 

°C. 

°F. 

1 

-0.6 

30.9 

69 

7.0 

44.6 

0 

10.0 

50.0 

2 

-1.0 

30.2 

70 

4.0 

39.2 

5 

3.5 

38.3 

3 

-1.7 

28.9 

71 

-1.0 

•  30.2 

10 

-4.8 

23.4 

4 

-2.0 

28.4 

72 

-7.2 

19.0 

15 

-11.2 

11.8 

5 

-2.7 

27.1 

73 

-16.2 

2.8 

20 

-11.0 

12.2 

6 

-3.6 

25.5 

74 

-25.0 

-13.0 

25 

-0.6 

30.9 

7 

-4.4 

24.1 

75 

-34.0 

-29.2 

30 

+  15.2 

59.4 

8 

-5.3 

22.5 

76 

-32.0 

-25.6 

35 

26.0 

78.  8  % 

9 

-6.0 

21.2 

77 

-28.2 

-18.8 

40 

33.8 

92.8 

10 

-6.7 

19.9 

78 

-16.5 

+2.3 

45 

34.8 

94.6 

11 

-7.2 

19.0 

79 

-5.2 

22.6 

50 

28.5 

83.3 

12 

-7.9 

17.8 

80 

+3.0 

37.4 

55 

18.4 

65.1 

13 

-8.2 

17.2 

81 

7.0 

44.6 

60 

0.7 

33.3 

14 

-9.0 

15.8 

81.63 

10.0 

50.0 

65 

0.8 

33.4 

15 

-9.3 

15.3 

82" 

8.2 

46.8 

70 

9.0 

48.2 

16 

-9.8 

14.4 

83 

-0.8 

30.6 

75 

17.2 

63.0 

17 

-11.4 

11.5 

84 

-9.2 

15.4 

80 

22.0 

71.6 

18 

-13.2 

8.2 

85 

-11.0 

12.2 

85 

33.0 

91.4 

19 

-15.2 

4.6 

86 

-2.2 

28.0 

90 

34.0 

93.2 

20 

-17.1 

1.2 

87 

+  13.5 

56.3 

95 

36.0 

96.8 

21 

-22.5 

-8.5 

88 

26.0 

78.8 

100 

40.0 

104.0 

22 

-31.0 

-23.8 

89 

34.2 

93.6 

23 

-40.1 

-40.2 

90 

34.2 

93.6 

\  Below 

91 

25.8 

78.4 

85 

(27.0) 

(80.6) 

.  . 

/  -40.0 

92 

14.2 

57.6 

90 

(25.0) 

(77.0) 

61 

-40.0 

-40.0 

93 

0.8 

33.4 

95 

(26.0) 

(78.8) 

62 

-20.0 

-4.0 

94 

4.5 

40.1 

100 

(15.0) 

(59.0) 

63 

-11.5 

+  11.3 

95 

14.8 

58.6 

64 

-4.8 

23.4 

96 

20.3 

68.6 

65 

-4.2 

24.4 

97 

29.2 

84.6 

66 

+  1-2 

34.2 

98 

33.8 

92.8 

67 

8.0 

46.4 

99 

36.0 

96.8 

68 

8.0 

46.4 

100 

40.0 

104.0 

TENSION  OF  AQUEOUS   VAPOR 


105 


SULPHURIC  ACID — TENSION  OF  AQUEOUS  VAPOR1 
Readings  in  millimeters  of  mercurial  pressure 


Per  cent. 
H,S04 

Per  cent. 
SOi 

Approximate 
degrees 
Baume 

Temperatures,  °C. 

10° 

15° 

20° 

25° 

30° 

35° 

44 

35.92 

37.0 

4.4 

6.1 

8.5 

11.5 

15.5 

20.9 

46 

37.55 

38.5 

4.0 

5.5 

7.7 

10.5 

14.5 

19.7 

48 

39.18 

39.9 

3.7 

5.0 

7.1 

9.6 

13.4 

18.1 

50 

40.82 

41.4 

3.3 

4.5 

6.5 

8.8 

12.0 

16.4 

52 

42.45 

42.8 

3.0 

4.0 

5.8 

7.9 

10.9 

14.5 

54 

44.08 

44.2 

2.6 

3.6 

5.0 

7.0 

9.5 

12.5 

56 

45.71 

45.7 

2.2 

3.1 

4.3 

6.0 

8.1 

11.0 

58 

47.36 

47.1 

.9 

2.6 

3.5 

5.1 

7.2 

9.1 

60 

48.99 

48.5 

.6 

2.1 

3.0 

4.3 

6.1 

7.5 

62 

50.61 

49.9 

.4 

1.8 

2.6 

3.6 

5.0 

6.5 

64 

52.24 

51.2 

.2 

1.6 

2.2 

3.0 

4.0 

5.5 

66 

53.88 

52.6 

.1 

1.4 

§1.8 

2.5 

3.5 

4.5 

68 

55.51 

53.9 

0.9 

1.2 

1.5 

2.1 

3.0 

3.8 

70 

57.14 

55.2 

0.8 

1.0 

1.3 

1.8 

2.5 

3.3 

72 

58.77 

56.5 

0.7 

0.8 

1.0 

1.4 

2.0 

2.8 

74 

60.41 

57.8 

0.5 

0.6 

0.6 

1.2 

1.7 

2.1 

76 

62.04 

59.0 

0.4 

0.4 

0.5 

1.0 

1.4 

1.8 

78 

63.67 

60.2 

0.3 

0.3 

0.4 

0.8 

1.1 

1.4 

80 

65.30 

61.3 

0.2 

0.2 

0.3 

0.6 

0.8 

1.1 

82 

66.94 

62.3 

0.1 

0.1 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

0.5 

1  SOREL:  Lunge's  "Sulphuric  Acid  and  Alkali,"  vol.  I,  part  I,  p.  312, 
4th  edition. 

NOTE. — The  corresponding  per  cent.  SO3  and  approximate  degree  Baum4 
(American  Standard)  were  calculated  from  the  given  per  cent. 


106 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


SULPHURIC  ACID — TENSION  OF  AQUEOUS  VAPOR — (Continued) 
Readings  in  millimeters  of  mercurial  pressure 


Per  cent. 
11,804 

Per  cent. 
S03 

Approximate 
degrees 
Baume 

Temperature,  °C. 

40° 

45° 

50° 

55° 

60° 

65° 

44 

35.92 

37.0 

28.1 

37.4 

48.3 

46 

37.55 

38.5 

26.3 

33.6 

44.4 

59.6 

76.5 

96.4 

48 

39.18 

39.9 

23.9 

30.5 

40.1 

53.5 

69.0 

86.8 

50 

40.82 

41.4 

21.4 

27.4 

35.9 

47.4 

61.3 

77.0 

52 

42.45 

42.8 

18.9 

24.1 

31.5 

41.5 

54.0 

67.9 

54 

44.08 

44.2 

16.5 

21.3 

27.8 

36.2 

47.2 

59.9 

56 

45.71 

45.7 

14.2 

18.5 

24.1 

31.0 

41.6 

51.6 

58 

47.36 

47.1 

12.0 

15.8 

20.4 

26.1 

34.5 

44.0 

60 

48.99 

48.5 

10.0 

13.0 

16.9 

21.6 

28.7 

36.7 

62 

50.61 

49.9 

8.1 

10.5 

13.9 

17.7 

23.9 

30.0 

64 

52.24 

51.2 

6.5 

8.2 

10.9 

14.0 

18.7 

23.9 

66 

53.88 

'52.6 

5.4 

6.5 

8.9 

11.5 

15.2 

19.1 

68 

55.51 

53.9 

4.5 

5.4 

7.2 

9.5 

12.3 

15.4 

70 

57.14 

55.2 

3.8 

4.4 

5.9 

7.5 

9.5 

12.1 

72 

58.77 

56.5 

3.2 

3.6 

4.8 

6.0 

7.5 

9.5 

74 

60.41 

57.8 

2.6 

3.1 

3.9 

4.9 

6.0 

7.5 

76 

62.04 

59.0 

2.1 

2.5 

3.0 

4.0 

4.8 

5.9 

78 

63.67 

60.2 

1.7 

2.1 

2.4 

3.0 

3.5 

4.0 

80 

65.30 

61.3 

1.3 

1.6 

1.9 

2.4 

2.9 

3.3 

82 

66.94 

62.3 

0.9 

1.1 

1.4 

1.7 

2.0 

2.3 

TENSION  OF  AQUEOUS  VAPOR 


107 


SULPHURIC  ACID — TENSION  OF  AQUEOUS  VAPOR — (Concluded) 
Readings  in  millimeters  of  mercurial  pressure 


Per 
cent. 
H,SO« 

Per  cent 
S03 

Approxi- 
mate 
degrees 
Baumg 

Temperature,  °C. 

70° 

75° 

80° 

85° 

90° 

95° 

44 

35.92 

37.0 

46 

37.55 

38.5 

48 

39.18 

39.9 

107.2 

132.1 

50 

40.82 

41.4 

95.6 

118.1 

152.0 

192.6 

236.7 

52 

42.45 

42.8 

84.5 

104.5 

131.2 

166.5 

207.9 

251.5 

54 

44.08 

44.2 

74.8 

92.6 

116.1 

146.8 

183.5 

222.0 

56 

45.71 

45.7 

65.0 

80.6 

100.9 

128.2 

160.0 

195.0 

58 

47.36 

47.1 

55.4 

68.4 

86.2 

110.6 

138.5 

169.5 

60 

48.99 

48.5 

46.1 

56.7 

72.3 

94.0 

118.7 

146.0 

62 

50.61 

49.9 

37.7 

46.2 

59.7 

78.2 

100.7 

125.0 

64 

52.24 

51.2 

30.3 

37.4 

48.0 

63.8 

83.7 

105.0 

66 
68 

53.88 
55.51 

52.6 
53.9 

24.2 
19.4 

30.3 
24.4 

39.0 
31.4 

52.5 
42.5 

70.0 
56.0 

88.0 
72.0 

70 

57.14 

55.2 

15.5 

19.8 

25.5 

33.9 

44.4 

57.0 

72 

58.77 

56.5 

12.0 

15.4 

20.0 

26.2 

33.7 

43.4 

74 

60.41 

57.8 

9.5 

12.1 

15.4 

19.5 

24.5 

31.5 

76 

62.04 

59.0 

7.5 

9.5 

11.8 

15.0 

18.5 

22.0 

78 

63.67 

60.2 

5.7 

7.0 

8.5 

10.5 

13.0 

15.8 

80 

65.30 

61.3 

4.1 

5.0 

6.2 

7.5 

9.3 

11.0 

82 

66.94 

62.3 

2.7 

3.2 

3.9 

4.7 

5.6 

6.8 

Sulphuric  Acid — Strength    for  Equilibrium  with  Atmospheric  Moisture1 

Ninety-three  thousand  pounds  of  sulphuric  acid,  with  an  ex- 
posed surface  of  1260  sq.  ft.  and  a  depth  of  10  in.,  had  decreased 
in  strength  from  86  to  52.12  per  cent.  H2SO4  after  standing  in  a 
lead  pan,  protected  from  rain,  for  42  days  (Sept.  9  to  Oct.  21, 
1916).  Air  was  bubbled  through  a  2-liter  sample  of  this  acid 
for  7  consecutive  days,  when  the  solution  was  tested  and  found 
to  contain  52.18  per  cent.  H2SC>4.  The  average  temperature  of 
the  laboratory  was  74°F.,  the  average  vapor  of  the  air  (7  tests) 

1  W.  W.  SCOTT:  "Standard  Methods  of  Chemical  Analysis,"  1917,  p.  502. 


108 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


was  0.2223  gram  H20  per  standard  cubic  foot.  The  average 
humidity  for  September  and  October  was  68  per  cent. ;  the  aver- 
age temperature  62°F.  The  average  humidity  for  the  past  33 
years  was  72  per  cent.;  the  average  temperature  57°F. 

Preparation  of  the  Monohydrate  (100  Per  Cent.  H2SO4) 

One  hundred  per  cent.  H2S04  cannot  be  made  by  concentrating 
a  weaker  acid.  The  strongest  acid  obtainable  by  concentration 
is  about  98.3  per  cent.  H2SO4. 

It  may  be  prepared  by  strengthening  a  weaker  acid  with  SOs 
or  fuming  sulphuric  acid. 

Acid  between  about  98  per  cent,  and  100  per  cent,  crystallize 
at  a  little  below  0°C.  One  hundred  per  cent,  acid  may  be  ob- 
tained from  this  strength  acid  by  cooling  it  to  below  0°  and 
separating  the  crystals  which  form  at  about  that  temperature, 
melting  them  and  recrystallizing  a  few  times. 


POUNDS  SULPHURIC  ACID  OBTAINABLE  FKOM  100  POUNDS  SULPHUR 


Recovery 

Grade 

100 

95 

90 

85 

80 

75 

70 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

50°  Baume. 

491  97 

467  37 

442  77 

418    17 

393  58 

368  98 

344  38 

60°  Baum6  

393  86 

374  17 

354  47 

334  78 

315  09 

295  .  40 

275  .  70 

66°  Baume*  

328  26 

311  85 

295  43 

279  02 

262  61 

246  20 

229  78 

98  per  cent.  H2SO4  

312.15 

296.54 

280.94 

265.33 

249.72 

234.11 

218.51 

100  per  cent.  H2SO4.... 

305  .  91 

290.61 

275.32 

260.02 

244.73 

229  .  43 

214.14 

10  per  cent,  free  SO  3.  .  . 

299.17 

284.21 

269.25 

254.29 

239.34 

224.38 

209  .  42 

20  per  cent,  free  SO8  .  .  . 

292  .  75 

278.11 

263.48 

248.84 

234.20 

219.56 

204.93 

30  per  cent,  free  SO3  .  .  . 

286.57 

272.24 

257.91 

243.58 

229.26 

214.93 

200  .  60 

40  per  cent,  free  SO3.  .  . 

280.65 

266.62 

252.59 

238.55 

224.52 

210.49 

196.46 

100  per  cent.  SO3  

249.72 

237.23 

224.75 

212.26 

199.78 

187.29 

174.80 

SULPHUR  DIOXIDE  IN  BURNER  GAS  109 

POUNDS  SULPHURIC  ACID  OBTAINABLE   FROM   100  POUNDS  SO3 


Recovery 

Grade 

100 

95 

90 

85 

80 

75 

70 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

50°  Baume",  

197.01 

187.16 

177.31 

167.46 

157.61 

147.76 

137.91 

60°  Baume"       ... 

157.72 

149.83 

141  95 

134  .  06 

126  18 

118  29 

110  40 

66°  Baume*  

131.45 

124.88 

118.31 

111.73 

105.16 

98.59 

92.02 

98  per  cent.  H2SO4.  .  .  . 

125.00 

118.75 

112.50 

106.25 

100.00 

93.75 

87.50 

100  per  cent.  H2SO4.  .  . 

122.50 

116.38 

110.25 

104.13 

98.00 

91.88 

85.75 

10  per  cent,  free  SO3  .  .  . 

119.80 

113.81 

107.82 

101.83 

95.84 

89.85 

83.86 

20  per  cent,  free  SO3  .  .  . 

117.23 

111.37 

105.51 

99.65 

93.78 

87.92 

82.06 

30  per  cent,  free  SO3  .  .  . 

114.76 

109.02 

103.28 

97.55 

91.81 

86.07 

80.33 

40  per  cent,  free  SOS.  .  . 

112.38 

106.76 

101.14 

95.52 

89.90 

84.29 

78.67 

POUNDS   SULPHUR   REQUIRED   TO   MAKE    100   POUNDS   SULPHURIC    ACTD 


• 

Recovery 

Grade 

100 

95 

90 

85 

80 

75 

70 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

50°  Baum6  

20  33 

21   40 

22  59 

23  92 

25  41 

27  11 

29   04 

60°  Baum6  

25  39 

26  73 

28  21 

29  87 

31  74 

33  85 

36  27 

66°  Baum6 

30  46 

32  06 

33  84 

35  84 

38  08 

40  61 

43  51 

98  per  cent.  H2SO4  

32.04 

33.73 

35.60 

37.69 

40.05 

42.72 

45.77 

100  per  cent.  H2SO4.  .  .  . 

32.69 

34.41 

36.32 

38.46 

40.86 

43.59 

46.70 

10  per  cent,  free  SO3.  .  . 

33.42 

35  .  18 

37.13 

39.32 

41.78 

44.56 

47.74 

20  per  cent,  free  SO  3.  .  . 

34.15 

35.95 

37.94 

40.18 

42.69 

45.53 

48.79 

30  per  cent,  free  SO3  .  .  . 

34.89 

36.73 

38.77 

41.05 

43.61 

46.52 

49.84 

40percent.freeSO3.  .  . 

35.63 

37.51 

39.59 

41.92 

44.54 

47.51 

50.90 

100  per  cent.  SO3  

40.04 

42.15 

44.49 

47.11 

50  .  05 

53.39 

57.20 

THE  QUANTITATIVE  ESTIMATION  OF  SULPHUR  DIOXIDE 
IN  BURNER  GAS 

Reich's  Test 

This  is  usually  determined  by  Reich's  process  which  consists 
of  aspirating  the  gas  through  a  measured  quantity  of  iodine  con- 


110  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

tained  in  a  wide-neck  bottle  and  colored  blue  by  adding  starch 
solution.  This  bottle  is  connected  with  a  larger  bottle  fitted  as 
an  aspirator  by  a  siphon.  Water  is  siphoned  from  this  into  a 
500-c.c.  graduated  cylinder  drawing  the  gas  through  the  reaction 
bottle.  As  soon  as  the  S02  contained  in  the  gas  enters  the  iodine 
solution  the  free  iodine  is  converted  into  hydriodic  acid  and  after 
a  time  the  liquid  will  be  decolorized,  which  at  last  happens  very 
suddenly  and  can  be  very  accurately  observed.  The  reaction 
takes  place  as  follows: 

21  +  S02  +  2H20  =  2HI  +  H2S04 

In  this  process  no  S02  escapes  unabsorbed  if  the  reaction 
bottle  is  constantly  shaken.  The  operation  may  be  stopped  when 
the  solution  is  but  faint  as  it  generally  disappears  on  shaking  a 
little  longer.  The  volume  of  water  in  the  cylinder  is  read  off. 
It  is  equal  to  that  of  the  gas  aspirated  when  increased  by  that 
of  the  SO2  absorbed. 

When  several  testings  have  been  made,  the  decolorized  liquid 
after  a  short  time,  again  turns  blue,  because  then  its  percentage 
of  HI  has  become  so  large  that  it  decomposes  on  standing  and 
liberates  iodine.  This  liquid  must  then  be  poured  away  and 
replaced  with  fresh  water  and  starch. 

For  estimating  burner  gas  the  usual  charge  in  the  reaction 
bottle  is  10  c.c.  of  deci-normal  iodine  solution  along  with  about 
300  c.c.  water  and  a  little  starch  solution.  Ten  cubic  centimeter 
hundredth-normal  iodine  solution  is  usually  used  for  estimating 
the  exit  gas.  If  the  gas  is  very  rich  in  S02,  20-25  c.c.  should 
be  used. 

Calculation  of  Results. — One  liter  of  sulphur  dioxide  weighs 
2.9266  grams  at  0°C.  and  a  barometric  pressure  of  760  mm. 

Deci-normal  iodine  solution  contains  12.69  grams  iodine  per 
liter.  Each  cubic  centimeter  of  solution  contains  0.01269  gram 
I  which  is  an  equivalent  to  0.003203  gram  S02  =  1.094  c.c.  under 
standard  conditions. 

Let        v  =  per  cent.  S02  in  gas 


SULPHUR  DIOXIDE  IN  BURNER  GAS  111 


, 
c.c.  —  I  used 


Then     x  = 


c.c.  gas  used 
109.4a 


6  +  1.094a 

Since  calculations  are  under  standard  conditions  it  will  be 
necessary  to  convert  the  volumes  obtained  in  the  tests  to  these 
conditions,  using  the  formula 

V   =  Fo  P^^ 

1  760  (1  +  0.00367Q 

V°  =  measured  volume 
P°  =  observed  barometric  pressure 

t  =  temperature  of  gas. 
w  =  aqueous  vapor  pressure  at  temperature  of  test 

For  all  practical  purposes,  however,  this  calculation  may  be 
neglected. 

Preparation  of  Iodine  Solution. — To  prepare  N/10  iodine  solu- 
tion weigh  out  12.69  grams  of  pure  resublimed  iodine.  Dissolve 
about  25  grams  potassium  iodide  with  water  using  just  enough 
to  put  it  in  solution.  Place  the  weighed  iodine  in  this  solution 
and  stir  until  completely  dissolved.  Fill  with  water  to  1  liter. 

To  prepare  N/100  iodine  solution  either  weigh  1.269  grams 
iodine,  dissolve  and  dilute  to  1  liter  or  take  100  c.c.  of  the  N/10 
solution  and  dilute  to  1  liter. 

Iodine  solution  should  be  kept  in  a  cool  place  and  protected 
from  direct  sunlight.  Well-stoppered  dark-colored  glass  bottles 
are  suitable  containers. 

Preparation  of  Starch  Solution. — To  prepare,  take  about  3 
grams  arrow-root  starch  and  mix  with  water  to  a  thin  paste. 
Place  this  into  about  a  liter  of  boiling  water  and  continue  to 
boil  about  a  half  hour.  After  cooling  add  a  few  drops  chloro- 
form which  preserves  it  and  prevents  souring.  Keep  in  well- 
stoppered  bottles. 


112 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


REICH'S  TEST  FOB  SO2 
Per  cent.  SO2  corresponding  to  volume  of  water 


Burner  gas 
10  c.c.  —  I  solution 

Exit  gas 

10  c.c.  —  I  solution 
100 

Cubic 
centi- 
meters 
water 

Per 

cent. 
S02 

Cubic 
centi- 
meters 
water 

Per 

cent. 
S02 

Cubic 
centi- 
meters 
water 

Per 
cent. 
S02 

Cubic 
centi- 
meters 
water 

Per 
cent. 
S02 

Cubic 
centi- 
meters 
water 

Per 
cent. 
S02 

1,035 

1.0 

385 

2.8 

200 

5.2 

2,185 

.05 

270 

.40 

1,030 

1.1 

375 

2.8 

195 

5.3 

1,820 

.06 

265 

.41 

940 

.1 

370 

2.9 

190 

5.4 

1,560 

.07 

260 

.42 

935 

.2 

360 

2.9 

185 

5.6 

1,365 

.08 

255 

.43 

865 

.2 

355 

3.0 

180 

5.7 

1,215 

.09 

245 

.44 

860 

.3 

350 

3.0 

175 

5.9 

1,090 

.10 

240 

.45 

800 

.3 

345 

3.1 

170 

6.0 

990 

.11 

235 

.46 

795 

1.4 

340 

3.1 

165 

6.2 

910 

.12 

230 

.47 

740 

1.4 

335 

3.2 

160 

6.4 

840 

.13 

225 

.48 

735 

1.5 

330 

3.2 

155 

6.6 

780 

.14 

220 

.50 

690 

1.5 

325 

3.3 

150 

6.8 

730 

.15 

200 

.55 

685 

1.6 

320 

3.3 

145 

7.0 

680 

.16 

180 

.60 

655 

1.6 

315 

3.4 

140 

7.2 

640 

.17 

165 

.65 

650 

1.7 

310 

3.4 

135 

7.5 

605 

.18 

155 

.70 

615 

1.7 

303 

3.5 

130 

7.8 

575 

.19 

145 

.75 

610 

1.8 

300  . 

3.5 

125 

8.0 

545 

.20 

135 

.80 

580 

1.8 

295 

3.6 

120 

8.3 

520 

.21 

130 

.85 

575 

1.9 

290 

3.6 

115 

8.7 

495 

.22 

120 

.90 

550 

1.9 

285 

3.7 

110 

9:0 

475 

.23 

115 

.95 

545 

2.0 

280 

3.8 

105 

9.4 

455 

.24 

110 

1.00 

525 

2.0 

275 

3.8 

100 

9.9 

435 

.25 

105 

1.05 

520 

2.1 

270 

3.9 

95 

10.3 

420 

.26 

100 

1.10 

500 
495 

2.1 

2.2 

265 
260 

4.0 
4.0 

405 
390 

.27 
.28 

95 
90 

1  .15 
1.20 

475 

2.2 

255 

4.1 

375 

.29 

85 

1.25 

470 

2.3 

250 

4.2 

365 

.30 

80 

1.35 

450 

2.3 

245 

4.3 

350 

.31 

75 

1.45 

445 

2.4 

240 

4.4 

340 

.32 

70 

1,55 

440 

2.4 

235 

4.4 

330 

.33 

65 

1.65 

435 

2.5 

230 

4.5 

320 

.34 

60 

1.80 

420 

2.5 

225 

4.6 

310 

.35 

55 

1.95 

415 

2.6 

220 

4.7 

300 

.36 

50 

2.15 

405 
400 

2.6 

2.7 

215 
210 

4.8 
4.9 

295 

285 

.37 

.38 

.      390 

2.7 

205 

5.1 

280 

.39 

TEST  FOR  TOTAL  ACIDS  IN  BURNER  GAS  113 

TEST  FOR  TOTAL  ACIDS  IN  BURNER  GAS 

Since  Reich's  test  takes  no  account  of  the  SOs  always  present 
in  burner  gas  it  is  quite  practicable  and  accurate  to  estimate 
the  total  acids  (S02  +  SO3)  either  along  with  the  Reich's  test 
or  exclusively.  This  is  performed  in  the  same  apparatus,  but 
the  absorbing  bottle  is  preferably  provided  with  a  gas  entrance 
tube,  closed  at  the  bottom  and  perforated  by  numerous  pin  holes, 
through  which  the  gas  bubbles.  A  deci-normal  solution  of 
sodium  hydroxide  is  employed  of  which  10  c.c.  are  diluted  to 
about  300  c.c.  and  tinged  red  with  phenolphthalein.  The  gas  is 
aspirated  through  it  slowly,  exactly  as  in  Reich's  test,  with  con- 
tinuous shaking.  Especially  toward  the  end,  the  shaking  must 
be  continued  for  a  while  (say  a  half  a  minute)  each  time  aspi- 
rating a  few  cubic  centimeters  of  gas  through  the  liquid,  until 
the  color  is  completely  discharged. 

The  calculation  is  made  exactly  as  with  the  iodine  test,  count- 
ing all  the  acids  as  SO2. 

If  the  ore  contains  much  organic  matter  as  when  coal  gases 
are  burnt,  the  carbon  dioxide  acting  on  the  phenolphthalein  will 
render  this  method  inaccurate. 

Methyl  orange  cannot  be  used  with  any  degree  of  accuracy 
as  it  acts  differently  toward  sulphurous  acid  and  sulphuric  acid. 
It  can,  however,  be  used  if  the  SO2  is  determined  at  the  same 
time  and  then  proper  calculations  made. 

CALCULATING  THE  PERCENTAGE  OF  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3 

WHEN  THE  S02  IN  THE  BURNER  AND  EXIT  GASES  IS 

KNOWN— AS  USED  IN  THE  CONTACT  PROCESS 

1.  If  a  equals  the  quantity  (not  per  cent.)  of  S02  in  one  volume 
of  entrance  gas  and  X  equals  the  fraction  of  this  that  is  converted 
to  S03,  then  aX  equals  the  quantity  of  S02  converted  to  SO3. 
As  two  volumes  of  SO 2  combine  with  one  volume  of  oxygen  to 


114  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

form  two  of  SO3  the  contraction  due  to  the  formation  and  ab- 
sorption of  SOa  is  equal  to 

3aX  3aX 

——  and  the  final  volume  is  1  —  —- 


If  6  equals    the    fraction    that  the  SO2  is  of  the  exit  gas 
b  M  --  —  j  equals    the    quantity  of  unconverted   SO2  in  the 

3aX\ 


a~b        ~ 
exit  gas  and  X  =  - 


Or  reducing  to  its  simplest  form 

2a-  2b 


X 


2a  -  Sab 
And  WQX  equals  the  per  cent,  of  S02  converted  to  S03. 

2.  Or  let  x  =  per  cent,  conversion 

a  =  per  cent.  S02  in  roaster  gas. 
6  =  per  cent.  S02  in  exit  gas 
1002  (2a  -  26) 


x  — 


200a  -  3a5 


SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO, 


115 


PER  CENT.  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3 


Per  cent. 
SOZ 
Burner 
gas 

Per  cent.  SO*  in  exit  gas 

0.05 

0.10 

0.15 

0.20 

0.25 

0.30 

0.35 

0.40 

2.0 

97.6 

95.1 

92.7 

90.3 

87.8 

85.4 

82.9 

80.5 

2.1 

97.7 

95.4 

93.1 

90.8 

88.4 

86.1 

83.8 

81.4 

2.2 

97.8 

95.6 

93.4 

91.2 

89.0 

•86.8 

84.5 

82.3 

2.3 

97.9 

95.8 

93.7 

91.6 

89.5 

87.4 

85.2 

83.1 

2.4 

98.0 

96.0 

94.0 

91.9 

89.9 

87.9 

85.9 

83.8 

2.5 

98.1 

96.1 

94.2 

92.3 

90.3 

88.4 

86.5 

84.5 

2.6 

98.2 

96.3 

94.5 

92.6 

90.7 

88.9 

87.0 

.  85.1 

2.7 

98.2 

96.4 

94.7 

92.9 

91.1 

89.3 

87.5 

85.7 

2.8 

98.3 

96.6 

94.9 

93.1 

91.4 

89.7 

88.0 

86.2 

2.9 

98.4 

96.7 

95.0 

93.4 

91.7 

90.1 

88.4 

86.7 

3.0 

98.4 

96.8 

95.2 

93.6 

92.0 

90.4 

88.8 

87.2 

3.1 

98.5 

96.9 

95.4 

93.8 

92.3 

90.7 

89.2 

87.6 

3.2 

98.5 

97.0 

95.5 

94.0 

92.5 

91.0 

89.5 

88.0 

3.3 

98.6 

97.1 

95.7 

94.2 

92.8 

91.3 

89.9 

88.4 

3.4 

98.6 

97.2 

95.8 

94.4 

93.0 

91.6 

90.2 

88.8 

3.5 

98.6 

97.3 

95.9 

94.6 

93.2 

91.8 

90.5 

89.1 

3.6 

98.7 

97.4 

96.1 

94.7 

93.4 

92.1 

90.8 

89.4 

3.7 

98.7 

97.4 

96.2 

94.9 

93.6 

92.3 

91.0 

89.7 

3.8 

98.8 

97.5 

96.3 

95.0 

93.8 

92.5 

91.3 

90.0 

3.9 

98.8 

97.6 

96.4 

95.2 

93.9 

92.7 

91.5 

90.3 

4.0 

98.8 

97.7 

96.5 

95.3 

94.1 

92.9 

91.7 

90.5 

4.1 

98.9 

97.7 

96.6 

95.4 

94.3 

93.1 

91.9 

90.8 

4.2 

98.9 

97.8 

96.6 

95.5 

94.4 

93.3 

92.2 

91.0 

4.3 

98.9 

97.8 

96.7 

95.6 

94.5 

93.4 

92.3 

91.2 

4.4 

98.9 

97.9 

96.8 

95.7 

94.7 

93.6 

92.5 

91.3 

4.5 

99.0 

97.9 

96.9 

95.8 

94.8 

93.8 

92.7 

91.7 

4.6 

99.0 

98.0 

97.0 

95.9 

94.9 

93.9 

92.9 

91.9 

4.7 

99.0 

98.0 

97.0 

96.0 

95.0 

94.0 

93.0 

92.0 

4.8 

99  1 

98.1 

97.1 

96.1 

95.2 

94.2 

93.2 

92.2 

4.9 

99.1 

98.1 

97.2 

96.2 

95.3 

94.3 

93.4 

92.4 

116 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


PER  CENT.  SC>2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3 — (Continued] 


Per  cent. 
SO2 
Burner 
gas 

Per  cent.  SO2  in  exit  gas 

0.45 

0.50 

0.55 

0.60 

0.65 

0.70 

0.75 

0.80 

2.0 

78   0 

75.6 

73.1 

70.6 

68.2 

65.7 

63.2 

60.7 

2.1 

79.1 

76.8 

74.4 

72.1 

69.7 

67.4 

65.0 

62.7 

2.2 

80.1 

77.9 

75.6 

73.4 

71.2 

68.9 

66.7 

64.4 

2.3 

81.0 

78.9 

76.7 

74.6 

72.5 

70.3 

68.2 

66.0 

2.4 

81.8 

79.8 

77.7 

75.7 

73.6 

71.6 

69.5 

67.5 

2.5 

82.6 

80.6 

78.7 

76.7 

74.7 

72.8 

70.8 

68.8 

2.6 

83.3 

81.4 

79.5 

77.6 

75.7 

73.9 

72.0 

70.1 

2.7 

83.9 

82.1 

80.3 

78.5 

76.7 

74.9 

73.0 

71.2 

2.8 

84.5 

82.8 

81.0 

79.3 

77.5 

75.8 

74.1 

72.3 

2.9 

85.1 

83.4 

81.7 

80.0 

78.4 

76.7 

75.0 

73.3 

3.0 

85.6 

84.0 

82.4 

80.7 

79.1 

77.5 

75.9 

74.2 

3.1 

86.1 

84.5 

82.9 

81.4 

79.8 

78.2 

76.7 

75.1 

3.2 

86.5 

85.0 

83.5 

82.0 

80.5 

79.0 

77.4 

75.9 

3.3 

87.0 

85.5 

84.0 

82.6 

81.1 

79.6 

78.2 

76.7 

3.4 

87.4 

85.9 

84.5 

83.1 

81.7 

80.3 

78.8 

77.4 

3.5 

87.7 

86.4 

85.0 

83.6 

82.2 

80.9 

79.5 

78.1 

3.6 

88.1 

86.8 

85.4 

84.1 

82.8 

81.4 

80.1 

78.7 

3.7 

88.4 

87.1 

85.8 

84.6 

83.2 

81.9 

80.6 

79.3 

3.8 

88.8 

87.5 

86.2 

85.0 

83.7 

82.4 

81.2 

79.9 

3.9 

89.1 

87.8 

86.6 

85.4 

84.2 

82.9 

81.7 

80.5 

4.0 

89.4 

88.2 

87.0 

85.8 

84.6 

83.4 

82.2 

81.0 

4.1 

89.6 

88.5 

87.3 

86.1 

85.0 

83.8 

82.6 

81.5 

4.2 

89.9 

88.8 

87.6 

86.5 

85.4 

84.2 

83.1 

81.9 

4.3 

90.1 

89.0 

87.9 

86.8 

85.7 

84.6 

83.5 

82.4 

4.4 

90.4 

89.3 

88.2 

87.2 

86.1 

85.0 

83.9 

82.8 

4.5 

90.6 

89.6 

88.5 

87.5 

86.4 

85.3 

84.3 

83.2 

4.6 

90.8 

89.8 

88.8 

87.8 

86.7 

85.7 

84.6 

83.6 

4.7 

91.0 

90.0 

89.0 

88.0 

87.0 

86.0 

85.0 

84.0 

4.8 

91.2 

90.3 

89.3 

88.3 

87.3 

86.3 

85.3 

84.3 

4.9 

91.4 

90.5 

89.5 

88.6 

87.6 

86.6 

85.7 

84.7 

SO,  CONVERTED  TO  SO, 


117 


PER  CENT.  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3 — (Continued) 


Per  cent. 
S02 
Burner 
gas 

Per  cent.  SOi  in  exit  gas 

0.85 

0.90 

0.95 

1.00 

1.05 

1.10 

1.15 

1.20 

1.25 

2.0 

58.2 

55.8 

53.3 

50.8 

48.3 

45.7 

43.2 

40.7 

38.2 

2.1 

60.3 

57.9 

55.6 

53.2 

50.8 

48.4 

46.0 

43.6 

41.2 

2.2 

62.2 

59.9 

57.6 

55.4 

53.1 

50.8 

48.6 

46.3 

44.0 

2.3 

63.9 

61.7 

59.5 

57.4 

55.2 

53.6 

50.9 

48.7 

46.5 

2.4 

65.4 

63.4 

61.3 

59.2 

57.1 

55.1 

53.0 

50.9 

48.8 

2.5 

66.9 

64.9 

62.9 

60.9 

58.9 

56.9 

54.9 

52.9 

51.0 

2.6 

68.2 

66.3 

64.4 

62.5 

60.6 

58.7 

56.7 

54.8 

52.9 

2.7 

69.4 

67.6 

65.8 

63.9 

62.1 

60.2 

58.4 

56.6 

54.7 

2.8 

70.5 

68.8 

67.0 

65.3 

63.5 

61.7 

60.0 

58.2 

56.4 

2.9 

71.6 

69.9 

68.2 

66.5 

64.8 

63.1 

61.4 

59.7 

58.0 

3.0 

72.6 

71.0 

69.3 

67.7 

66.0 

64.4 

62.7 

61.1 

59.5 

3.1 

73.5 

71.9 

70.4 

68.8 

67.2 

65.6 

64.0 

62.4 

60.8 

3.2 

74.4 

72.9 

71.3 

69.8 

68.3 

66.7 

65.2 

63.6 

62.1 

3.3 

75.2 

73.7 

72.2 

70.8 

69.3 

67.8 

66.3 

64.8 

63.3 

3.4 

76.0 

74.5 

73.1 

71.7 

70.2 

68.8 

67.3 

65.9 

64.4 

3.5 

76.7 

75.3 

73.9 

72.5 

71.1 

69.7 

68.3 

66.9 

65.5 

3.6 

77.4 

76.0 

74.7 

73.3 

72.0 

70.6 

69.2 

67.9 

66.5 

3.7 

78.0 

76.7 

75.4 

74.1 

72.8 

71.4 

70.1 

68.8 

67.5 

3.8 

78.6 

77.4 

76.1 

74.8 

73.5 

72.2 

71.0 

69.7 

68.4 

3.9 

79.2 

78.0 

76.7 

75.5 

74.2 

73.0 

71.7 

70.5 

69.2 

4.0 

79.8 

78.6 

77.4 

76.1 

74.9 

73.7 

72.5 

71.3 

70.1 

4.1 

80.3 

79.1 

77.9 

76.8 

75.6 

74.4 

Y3.2 

72.0 

70.8 

4.2 

80.8 

79.7 

78.5 

77.4 

76.2 

75.0 

73.9 

72.7 

71.6 

4.3 

81.3 

80.1 

79.0 

78.0 

76.8 

75.7 

74.6 

73.4 

72.3 

4.4 

81.7 

80.6 

79.5 

78.5 

77.4 

76.3 

75.2 

74.1 

73.0 

4.5 

82.2 

81.1 

80.0 

79.0 

77.9 

76.8 

75.7 

74.7 

73.6 

4.6 

82.6 

81.5 

80.5 

79.5 

78.4 

77.4 

76.3 

75.3 

74.2 

4.7 

83.0 

82.0 

80.9 

79.9 

78.9 

77.9 

76.9 

75.8 

74.8 

4.8 

83.4 

82.4 

81.4 

80.4 

79.4 

78.4 

77.4 

76.4 

75.4 

4.9 

83.7 

82.7 

81.8 

80.8 

79.8 

78.8 

77.9 

76.9 

75.9 

118 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


PER  CENT.  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3 — (Continued} 


Per  cent. 
SO2 
Burner 
gas 

Per  cent.  SOz  in  exit  gas 

0.05 

0.10 

0.15 

0.20 

0.25 

0.30 

0.35 

0.40 

5.0 

99.1 

98.2 

97.2 

96.3 

95.4 

94.4 

93.5 

92.6 

5.1 

99.1 

98.2 

97.3 

96.4 

95.5 

94.5 

93.6 

92.7 

5.2 

99.1 

98.2 

97.3 

96.4 

95.6 

94.7 

93.8 

92.9 

5.3 

99.2 

98.3 

97.4 

96.5 

95.7 

94.8 

93.9 

93.0 

5.4 

99.2 

98.3 

97.4 

.  96.6 

95.7 

94.9 

94.0 

93.2 

5.5 

99.2 

98.3 

97.5 

96.7 

95.8 

95.0 

94.1 

93.3 

5.6 

99.2 

98.4 

97.5 

96.7 

95.9 

95.1 

94.3 

93.4 

5.7 

99.2 

98.4 

97.6 

96.8 

96.0 

95.2 

94.4 

93.6 

5.8 

99.2 

98.4 

97.6 

96.9 

96.1 

95.3 

94.5 

93.7 

5.9 

99.2 

98.5 

97.7 

96.9 

96.1 

95.4 

94.6 

93.8 

6.0 

99.3 

98.5 

97.7 

97.0 

96.2 

95.4 

94.7 

93.9 

6.1 

99.3 

98.5 

97.8 

97.0 

96.3 

95.5 

94.8 

94.0 

6.2 

99.3 

98.5 

97.8 

97.1 

96.3 

95.6 

94.9 

94.1 

6.3 

99.3 

98.6 

97.9 

97.1 

96.4 

95.7 

95.0 

94.2 

6.4 

99.3 

98.6 

97.9 

97.2 

96.5 

95.8 

95.0 

94.3 

6.5 

99.3 

98.6 

97.9 

97.2 

96.5 

95.8 

95.1 

94.4 

6.6 

99.3 

98.6 

98.0 

97.3 

96.6 

95.9 

95.2 

94.5 

6.7 

99.3 

98.7 

98.0 

97.3 

96.6 

96.0 

95.3 

94.6 

6.8 

99.3 

98.7 

98.0 

97.4 

96.7 

96.0 

95.4 

94.7 

6.9 

99.4 

98.7 

98.1 

97.4 

96.8 

96.1 

95.4 

94.8 

7.0 

99.4 

98.7 

98.1 

97.4 

96.8 

96.2 

95.5 

94.9 

7.1 

99.4 

98.7 

98.1 

97.5 

96.9 

96.2 

95.6 

94.9 

7.2 

99.4 

98.8 

98.1 

97.5 

96.9 

96.3 

95.7 

95.0 

7.3 

99.4 

98.8 

98.2 

97.6 

97.0 

96.3 

95.7 

95.1 

7.4 

99.4 

98.8 

98.2 

97.6 

97.0 

96.4 

95.8 

95.2 

7.5 

99.4 

98.8 

98.2 

97.6 

97.0 

96.4 

95.8 

95.2 

7.6 

99.4 

98.8 

98.3 

97.7 

97.1 

96.5 

95.9 

95.3 

7.7 

99.4 

98.9 

98.3 

97.7 

97.1 

96.5 

96.0 

95.4 

7.8 

99.4 

98.9 

98.3 

97.7 

97.2 

96.6 

96.0 

95.5 

7.9 

99.5 

98.9 

98.3 

97.8 

97.2 

96.6 

96.1 

95.5 

8.0 

99.5 

98.9 

98.4 

97.8 

97.3 

96.7 

96.1 

95.6 

SO  2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3 


119 


PER  CENT.  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO 3 — (Continual) 


Per  cent. 
SOs 
Burner 
gas 

Per  cent.  SOi  in  exit  gas 

0.45 

0.50 

0.55 

0.60 

0.65 

0.70 

0.75 

0.80 

5.0 

91.6 

90.7 

89.7 

88.8 

87.9 

86.9 

86.0 

85.0 

5.1 

91.8 

90.9 

90.0 

89.0 

88.1 

87.2 

86.3 

85.3 

5.2 

92.0 

91.1 

90.2 

89.3 

88.4 

37.5 

86.6 

85.6 

5.3 

92.1 

91.3 

90.4 

89.5 

88.6 

87.7 

86.8 

85.9 

5.4 

92.3 

91.4 

90.6 

89.7 

88.8 

88.0 

87.1 

86.2 

5.5 

92.5 

91.6 

90.8 

89.9 

89.1 

88.2 

87.4 

86.5 

5.6 

92.6 

91.8 

90.9 

90.1 

89.3 

88.4 

87.6 

86.8 

5.7 

92.7 

91.9 

01.1 

90.3 

89.5 

88.7 

87.8 

87.0 

5.8 

92.9 

92.1 

91.3 

90.5 

89.7 

88.9 

88.1 

87.3 

5.9 

93.0 

92.2 

91.4 

90.7 

89.9 

89.1 

88.3 

87.5 

6.0 

93.1 

92.4 

91.6 

90.8 

90.1 

89.3 

88.5 

87.7 

6.1 

93.3 

92.5 

91.7 

91.0 

90.2 

89.5 

88.7 

87.9 

6.2 

93.4 

92.6 

91.9 

91.2 

90.4 

89.7 

88.9 

88.2 

6.3 

93.5 

92.8 

92.0 

91.3 

90.6 

89.8 

89.1 

88.4 

6.4 

93.6 

92.9 

92.2 

91.5 

90.7 

90.0 

89.3 

88.6 

6.5 

93.7 

93.0 

92.3 

91.6 

90.9 

90.2 

89.5 

88.8 

6.6 

93.8 

93.1 

92.4 

91.7 

91.1 

90.4 

89.7 

89.0 

6.7 

93.9 

93.2 

92.6 

91.9 

91.2 

90.5 

89.8 

89.1 

6.8 

94.0 

93.4 

92.7 

92.0 

91.3 

90.7 

90.0 

89.3 

6.9 

94.1 

93.5 

92.8 

92.1 

91.5 

90.8 

90.2 

89.5 

7.0 

94.2 

93.6 

92.9 

92.3 

91.6 

91.0 

90.3 

89.7 

7.1 

94.3 

93.7 

93.0 

92.4 

91.7 

91.1 

90.5 

89.8 

7.2 

94.4 

93.8 

93.1 

92.5 

91.9 

91.2 

90.6 

90.0 

7.3 

94.5 

93.9 

93.2 

92.6 

92.0 

91.4 

90.8 

90.1 

7.4 

94.6 

94.0 

93.3 

92.7 

92.1 

91.5 

90.9 

90.3 

7.5 

94.6 

94.0 

93.4 

92.8 

92.2 

91.6 

91.0 

90.4 

7.6 

94.7 

94.1 

93.5 

93.0 

92.4 

91.8 

91.2 

90.6 

7.7 

94.8 

94.2 

93.6 

93.1 

92.5 

91.9 

91.3 

90.7 

7.8 

94.9 

94.3 

93.7 

93.2 

92.6 

92.0 

91.4 

90.8 

7.9 

95.0 

94.4       93.8 

93.3 

92.7 

92.1        91.5 

91.0 

120 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


PER  CENT.  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3 — (Continued] 


Per  cent. 
S02 
Burner 
gas 

Per  cent.  SO2  in  exit  gas 

0.85 

0.90 

0.95 

1.00 

1.05 

1.10 

1.15 

1.20 

1.25 

5.0 

84.1 

83.1 

82.2 

81.2 

80.3 

79.3 

78.4 

77.4 

76.4 

5.1 

84.4 

83.5 

82.6 

81.6 

80.7 

79.7 

78.8 

77.9 

76.9 

5.2 

84.7 

83.8 

82.9 

82.0 

81.1 

80.2 

79.2 

78.3 

77.4 

5.3 

85.1 

84.2 

83.3 

82.4 

81.5 

80.6 

79.7 

78.8 

77.9 

5.4 

85.4 

84.5 

83.6 

82.7 

81.6 

80.8 

79.9 

79.1 

78.3 

5.5 

85.6 

84.8 

83.9 

83.1 

82.2 

81.3 

80.5 

79.6 

78.6 

5.6 

85.9 

85.1 

84.2 

83.4 

82.5 

81.7 

80.9 

80.0 

79.2 

5.7 

86.2 

85.4 

84.5 

83.7 

82.9 

82.1 

81.2 

80.4 

79.6 

5.8 

86.5 

85.6 

84.8 

84.0 

83.2 

82.4 

81.6 

80.8 

79.9 

5.9 

86.7 

85.9 

85.1 

84.3 

83.5 

82.7 

81.9 

81.1 

80.3 

6.0 

86.9 

86.2 

85.4 

84.6 

83.8 

83.0 

82.2 

81.4 

80.6 

6.1 

87.2 

86.4 

85.7 

84.9 

84.1 

83.3 

82.6 

81.8 

81.0 

6.2 

87.4 

86.7 

85.9 

85.2 

84.4 

83.6 

82.9 

82.1 

81.4 

6.3 

87.6 

86.9 

86.2 

85.4 

84.7 

83.9 

83.2 

82.4 

81.7 

6.4 

87.8 

87.1 

86.4 

85.7 

84.9 

84.2 

83.5 

82.7 

82.0 

6.5 

88.1 

87.3 

86.6 

85.9 

85.2 

84.5 

83.8 

83.0 

82.3 

6.6 

88.3 

87.6 

86.9 

86.1 

85.4 

84.7 

84.0 

83.3 

82.6 

6.7 

88.4 

87.8 

87.1 

86.4 

85.7 

85.0 

84.3 

83.6 

82.9 

6.8 

88.6 

88.0 

87.3 

86.6 

85.9 

85.2 

84.5 

83.9 

83.2 

6.9 

88.8 

88.2 

87.5 

86.8 

86.1 

85.5 

84.8 

84.1 

83.4 

7.0 

89.0 

88.3 

87.7 

87.0 

86.4 

85.7 

85.0 

84.4 

83.7 

7.1 

89.2 

88.5 

87.9 

87.2 

86.6 

85.9 

85.3 

84.6 

84.0 

7.2 

89.3 

88.7 

88.1 

87.4 

86.8 

86.1 

85.5 

84.9 

84.2 

7.3 

89.5 

88.9 

88.3 

87.6 

87.0 

86.4 

85.7 

85.1 

84.5 

7.4 

89.7 

89.0 

88.4 

87.8 

87.2 

86.5 

85.9 

85.2 

84.6 

7.5 

89.8 

89.2 

88.6 

88.0 

87.4 

86.8 

86.1 

85.5 

84.9 

7.6 

90.0 

89.4 

88.8 

88.2 

8.7.6 

87.0 

86.4 

85.8 

85.2 

7.7 

90.1 

89.5 

88.9     88.3 

87.7 

87.1 

86.6 

86.0 

85.4 

7.8 

90.3 

89.7 

89.1     88.5 

87.9 

87.3 

86.7 

86.2 

85.6 

7.9 

90.4 

89.8 

89.3  ;  88.7 

88.1 

87.5 

86.9 

86.4 

85.8 

1 

SO2  CONVERTED  TO  S03 


121 


PER  CENT.  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  SO3 — (Continued) 


Per  cent. 
SO* 
Burner 
gas 

Per  cent.  SOa  in  exit  gas 

0.50 

0.55 

0.60 

0.65 

0.70 

0.75 

0.80 

0.85 

8.0 

94.5 

93.9 

93.3 

92.8 

92.2 

91.7 

91.1 

90.5 

8.1 

94.5 

94.0 

93.4 

92.9 

92.3 

91.8 

91.2 

90.7 

8.2 

94.6 

94.1 

93.5 

93.0 

92.4 

-  91.9 

91.3 

90.8 

8.3 

94.7 

94.1 

93.6 

93.1 

92.5 

92.0 

91.5 

90  9 

8.4 

94.8 

94.2 

93.7 

93.2 

92.6 

92.1 

91.6 

91.0 

8.5 

94.8 

94.3 

93.8 

93.3 

92.7 

92.2 

91.7 

91.2 

8.6 

94.9 

94.4 

93.9 

93.3 

92.8 

92.3 

91.8 

91.3 

8.7 

95.0 

94.5 

93.9 

93.4 

92.9 

92.4 

91.9 

91.4 

8.8 

95.0 

94.5 

94.0 

93.5 

93.0 

92.5 

92.0 

91.5 

8.9 

95.1 

94.6 

94.1 

93.6 

93.1 

92.6 

92.1 

91.6 

9.0 

95.2 

94.7 

94.2 

93.7 

93.2 

92  7 

92.2 

91.7 

9.1 

95.2 

94.7 

94.3 

93.8 

93.3 

92.8 

92.3 

91.8 

9.2 

95.3 

94.8 

94.3 

93.8 

93.4 

92.9 

92.4 

91.9 

9.3 

95.3 

94.9 

94.4 

93.9 

93.4 

93.0 

92.5 

92.0 

9.4 

95.4 

94.9 

94.5 

94.0 

93.5 

93.1 

92.6 

92.1 

9.5 

95.5 

95.0 

04.5 

94.1 

93.6 

93.1 

92.7 

92.2 

9.6 

95.5 

95.1 

94.6 

94.1 

93.7 

93.2 

92.8 

92.3 

9.7 

95.6 

95.1 

94.7 

94.2 

93.8 

93.3 

92.9 

92.4 

9.8 

95.6 

95  .2 

94.7 

94.3 

93.8 

93.4 

93.0 

92.5 

9.9 

95.7 

95.2 

94.8 

94.4 

93.9 

93.5 

93.0 

92.6 

10.0 

95.7 

95.3 

94.9 

94.4 

94.0 

93.5 

93.1 

92.7 

122 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


PER  CENT.  SO2  CONVERTED  TO  S03 — (Concluded) 


Per  cent. 
S02 
Burner 
gas 

Per  cent.  SCh  in  exit  gas 

0.90 

0.95 

1.00 

1.05 

1.10 

1.15 

1.20 

1.25 

8.0 

90.0 

89.4 

88.8 

88.3 

87.7 

87.1 

86.6 

86  0 

81 

90.1 

89.5 

89.0 

88.4 

87.9 

87.3 

86.7 

86.2 

8.2 

90.2 

89.7 

89.1 

88.6 

88.0 

87.5 

86.9 

86.4 

8.3 

90.4 

89.8 

89.3 

88.7 

88.2 

87.7 

87.1 

86.6 

8.4 

90.5 

90.0 

89.4 

88.9 

88.4 

87.8 

87.3 

86.7 

8.5 

90.6 

90.1 

89.6 

89.0 

88.5 

88.0 

87.5 

86.9 

8.6 

90.8 

90.2 

89.7 

89.2 

88.7 

88.1 

87.6 

87.1 

8.7 

90.9 

90.4 

89.8 

89.3 

88.8 

88.3 

87.8 

87.3 

8.8 

91.0 

90.5 

90.0 

89.5 

89.0 

88.5 

87.9 

87.4 

8.9 

91.1 

90.6 

90.1 

89.6 

89.1 

88.6 

88.1 

87.6 

9.0 

91.2 

90.7 

90.2 

89.7 

89.2 

88.7 

88.3 

87.8 

9.1 

91.3 

90.9 

90.4 

89.9 

89.4 

88.9 

88.4 

87.9 

9.2 

91.4 

91.0 

90.5 

90.0 

89.5 

89.0 

88.5 

88.1 

9.3 

91.6 

91.1 

90.6 

90.1 

89.6 

89.2 

88.7 

88.2 

9.4 

91.7 

91.2 

90.7 

90.2 

89.8 

89.3 

88.8 

88.4 

9.5 

91.8 

91.3 

90.8 

90.4 

89.9 

89.4 

89.0 

88.5 

9.6 

91.9 

91.4 

90.9 

90.5 

90.0 

89.6 

89.1 

88.6 

9.7 

92.0 

91.5 

91.1 

90.6 

90.1 

89.7 

89.2 

88.8 

9.8 

92.1 

91.6 

91.2 

90.7 

90.3 

89.8 

89.4 

88.9 

9.9 

92.2 

91.7 

91.3 

90.8 

90.4 

89.9 

89.5 

89.0 

10.0 

92.2 

91.8 

91.4 

90.9 

90.5 

90.0 

89.6 

89.2 

COMPOSITION  OF  DRY  GAS 


123 


21 
20 
19 
18 
17 
16 
15 
14 
13 
12 

9 

8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 

Theoretical  Composition  of  Dry  Gas 
from  the 
Roasting  of  Metallic  Sulphides 
Dry  Air  Composition   20.8.*  O2=79.2<   N2  by  Volume 
Reactions                                 Equations  of  Gas  Composition 
2  ZnS  +  3O2=2  Zn  O  +  2  SOa      *O2=  20,8-1.396  x  <SOj  »  *N2  =  79.2-1-  0.396  x  jJSOj 
2  PbS-f  30.=  2  Pb  O+2SO2      *O2=  20.8-1.396  x  jtSO2  :  *N2=  79.2+  0.396  x  *SO. 
^   4  FeSj+llO,  =  2  FeaOs+S  SO2      *O  «=  20.8-1.297  X  *SOS  :  *-N2  =  79.2  +  0.297  x  £SO2 
\4FeS+  7OJ|=2FesOs+4SOj      >O2=20.8-1.594x  %SOt  :  SfN2  =79^  +  0-594  xjfSOj 

1 

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4       5       6       7       8       9      10     11      12     13     14      15      16 
Per  Cent  Sulphur  Dioxide 


124 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


21 
20 
19 
18 
17 
16 
15 
14 
13 
12 
11 

9 

7 
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5 
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Theoretical  Composition  of  Dry  Gas 
from  the 
Combustion  of  Sulphur 
Dry  Air  Composition  -  20.  8%  O2:79.2%  N2  by  Volume 
leaction                        Equations  of  Gas  Composition 
+  O2=SO2            %>O2=20.8-  %SO2:  %N2  =  79.2 

= 

S  3  g 

Per  Cent  Nitroeen 

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Per  Cent  Nitrogen 

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34567 


8       9      10     11     12     13     14     15     16     17     18     19     20     21 
Per  Cent  Sulphur  Dioxide 


QUALITATIVE  TESTS— SULPHURIC  ACID  125 

QUALITATIVE  TESTS— SULPHURIC  ACID 
Nitrogen  Acids 

Diphenylamine  Test. — A  few  grams  diphenylamine  is  dissolved 
in  strong  sulphuric  acid,  free  from  nitrogen  oxides.  Put  about 
2  or  3  c.c.  of  the  acid  to  be  tested  in  a  test-tube  and  add  about 
1  c.c.  of  the  diphenylamine  solution  so  that  the  layers  overlay 
gradually.  In  case  of  dilute  acids  proceed  in  the  opposite  man- 
ner. The  slightest  trace  of  nitrogen  acids  is  proved  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  brilliant  blue  color  at  the  point  of  contact  of  the 
liquids.  In  the  presence  of  selenium  the  diphenylamine  test 
fails  as  the  same  color  is  produced. 

Ferrous-sulphate  Test. — A  saturated  solution  of  ferrous  sul- 
phate is  added  to  the  acid  to  be  tested  in  a  test-tube.  Incline 
the  test-tube  so  the  layers  overlay  gradually.  Hold  the  tube 
upright  and  tap  gently.  In  presence  of  nitric  acid  a  brown  ring 
forms  at  the  junction  of  the  two  solutions.  Ferrous  sulphate 
should  be  present  in  excess,  otherwise  the  brown  color  is  de- 
stroyed by  the  free  nitric  acid.  If  only  a  trace  of  nitric  acid  is 
present  a  pink  color  is  produced. 

Selenium 

Ferrous-sulphate  Test. — Selenium  in  sulphuric  acid  can  be 
recognized  by  adding  a  strong  solution  of  ferrous  sulphate.  A 
brownish-red  color  will  make  its  appearance  which  after  a  while 
turns  into  a  red  precipitate  (not  vanishing  upon  heating)  like 
the  brown  color  produced  by  nitrogen  acids. 

Sodium-sulphite  Test. — Overlay  about  4  c.c.  weak  hydro- 
chloric acid  containing  a  granule  of  sodium  sulphite  dissolved.  A 
red  zone  on  warming  shows  the  presence  of  selenium. 

Lead 

Dilute  the  acid  to  about  five  times  its  volume  with  dilute 
alcohol.  If  any  lead  is  present  it  will  be  precipitated  as  the  white 
sulphate,  PbS04. 


126  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Iron 

Boil  the  acid,  if  free  from  nitrogen,  with  a  drop  of  nitric  acid 
to  oxidize  the  iron.  Dilute  a  little,  allow  to  cool  and  add  a  solu- 
tion of  potassium  thiocyanate.  A  red  color  proves  the  presence 
of  iron. 

Arsenic 

Marsh  Test. — In  the  presence  of  nascent  hydrogen,  both 
arsenic  and  arsenious  compounds  are  reduced,  and  arsine  (or 
arseniuretted  hydrogen)  AsH3  is  evolved. 

Hydrogen  is  slowly  generated  from  zinc  and  dilute  sulphuric 
acid,  both  materials  being  free  from  arsenic.  The  issuing  gas  is 
passed  through  a  piece  of  tube  which  has  been  drawn  out  so  as  to 
produce  one  or  two  constricted  places  in  its  length.  As  soon  as 
the  air  is  expelled  from  the  apparatus,  the  issuing  hydrogen  is 
inflamed. 

A  small  quantity  of  the  acid  to  be  tested  is  then  introduced 
and  a  piece  of  cold  white  porcelain  depressed  upon  the  flame. 
If  any  arsenic  is  present,  a  rich  brown-black  metallic  looking 
stain  will  be  deposited.  The  deposit  being  volatile  and  the  flame 
very  hot,  the  stain  will  again  disappear  if  the  flame  is  allowed  to 
impinge  for  more  than  a  moment  or  two  on  the  same  spot. 

If  the  drawn-out  tube  is  heated  near  one  of  the  constrictions, 
the  arseniuretted  hydrogen  will  be  decomposed  and  an  arsenic 
mirror  will  be  deposited  in  the  tube. 

Hydrogen-sulphide  Test. — The  acid  is  diluted  and  hydrogen 
sulphide  gas  passed  through.  If  any  arsenic  is  present  it  will 
be  precipitated  as  yellow  arsenious  sulphide,  A2S3. 

THE  QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 

The  quantitative  analysis  of  sulphuric  acid,  volumetrically, 
is  made  by  titrating  a  weighed  quantity.  The  titration  is  per- 
formed by  means  of  a  standard  normal  sodium-hydroxide  solu- 
tion which  is  controlled  by  a  standard  normal  sulphuric-acid 
solution  and  results  are  either  expressed  as  per  cent.  80s  or  per 


QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  127 

cent.  H2SO4.  In  the  following  methods  all  calculations  will  be 
for  per  cent,  of  SOs.  The  methods  may  easily  be  extended  to 
express  as  per  cent.  H2S04  if  desired. 

Standard  Normal  Acid 

The  strength  of  the  standard  normal  sulphuric-acid  solution 
is  fixed  by  chemically  pure  sodium  carbonate  which  is  the  ulti- 
mate standard  for  acidimetric  and  alkalimetric  volumetric 
analysis. 

Preparation  of  Sodium  Carbonate 

Sodium  bicarbonate  made  by  the  ammonia-soda  process  may  be 
obtained  in  exceedingly  pure  form.  The  impurities  that  may  be 
present  are  silica,  magnesium,  ammonia,  arsenic,  lime,  sodium 
sulphate  and  sodium  chloride.  With  the  exception  of  silica  and 
lime  the  impurities  may  be  readily  removed  by  washing  the 
sodium  bicarbonate  several  times  with  cold  water  and  decanting 
the  supernatant  solution  of  each  washing  from  the  difficultly  solu- 
ble bicarbonate.  The  washing  is  continued  until  the  material  is 
free  from  chlorine,  as  sodium  chloride  is  the  principal  impurity, 
and  its  removal  leaves  an  exceedingly  pure  product.  The  bi- 
carbonate is  then  dried  between  large  filter  papers  in  a  hot-air 
oven  protected  from  acid  gases,  at  100°C.  and  kept  in  a  sealed 
bottle  until  used. 

Sodium  carbonate  is  made  from  this  pure  sodium  bicarbonate 
by  igniting  in  a  platinum  crucible  at  290-300°C.  to  constant 
weight  in  an  electric  oven.  If  a  constant-temperature  oven  is 
not  available  a  simple  oven  may  be  improvised  by  use  of  a  sand 
bath  and  a  sheet-iron  or  clay  cylinder  shell  covered  at  the  upper 
end.  A  thermometer  passing  through  this  shield  registers  the 
temperature  and  at  the  same  time  serves  as  a  stirrer  as  it  should 
be  stirred  occasionally.  The  sand  on  the  outside  of  the  crucible 
should  reach  the  same  level  as  the  bicarbonate  inside  so  the  con- 
tents is  entirely  surrounded  by  an  atmosphere  of  comparatively 
even  temperature. 


128  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Sodium  carbonate  intended  for  standardization  of  acids  should 
not  be  heated  over  300°C.  and  if  heating  is  carried  on  at  this 
temperature  for  a  sufficient  length  of  time  (1  to  5  hours)  constant 
weight  will  be  obtained  and  one  may  be  sure  that  neither  bi- 
carbonate or  water  is  left  behind  and  yet  no  sodium  oxide  -or 
carbon  dioxide  has  been  formed  as  may  happen  if  heating  is 
carried  on  to  a  low  red  heat.  While  the  carbonate  is  still  hot 
place  about  2  grams  each  in  several  small  tared  glass-stoppered 
weighing  bottles.  Keep  in  a  desiccator  up  to  the  time  of  weigh- 
ing and  titrating,  allowing  plenty  of  time  to  cool. 

To  test  for  purity  dissolve  about  5  grams  in  water  which  ought 
to  yield  a  perfectly  clear,  colorless  solution.  If  after  acidifying 
this  solution  with  nitric  acid,  no  opalescence  is  caused  by  barium 
chloride  or  silver  nitrate,  the  salt  may  be  taken  as  sufficiently 
pure. 

For  exceedingly  accurate  work  the  material  is  analyzed  and 
allowance  made  for  impurities  that  still  remain.  The  error 
caused  by  any  such  impurities  is  so  small,  that  for  all  practical 
purposes  it  may  be  neglected. 

Chemically  pure  sodium  carbonate  prepared  by  a  reliable 
manufacturer  is  sufficiently  pure  but  should  be  ignited  at  290- 
SOO^C.  for  1  hour  as  a  precaution. 

Standardizing  the  Standard  Acid 

Wash  each  weighed  amount  of  sodium  carbonate  (as  titrated) 
into  a  350-c.c.  beaker  and  add  enough  water  to  dissolve.  Methyl 
orange  is 'used  as  an  indicator  and  the  cold  solution  of  sodium 
carbonate  is  colored  just  perceptibly  yellow  by  adding  a  drop  or 
two  of  the  indicator.  If  too  much  is  used  the  color  will  be  too 
intense  and  the  transition  too  pink  on  neutralization  will  be  less 
sharp.  A  change  to  pink  takes  place  only  when  all  the  carbonate 
has  been  neutralized  and  the  solution  slightly  acidified.  An 
excess  of  acid  (0.5  to  1  c.c.)  is  added  as  this  is  necessary  to  drive 
out  all  the  carbon  dioxide.  The  solution  is  then  heated  to  boiling 
to  aid  in  expelling  the  CO2.  Upon  heating  the  color  fades,  but 


QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  129 

as  soon  as  the  carbon  dioxide  has  been  expelled,  cool  by  placing 
the  beaker  in  running  water  and  the  pink  color  will  return. 
Transfer  the  solution  from  the  beaker  into  the  titrating  vessel 
washing  very  carefully.  The  excess  of  acid  is  titrated  with 
standard  sodium  hydroxide,  the  caustic  being  added  drop  by 
drop,  then  cutting  the  drops  from  the  tip  of  the  burette  until  a 
fraction  of  a  drop  produces  a  yellow  straw  color.  A  comparison 
solution  having  the  color  of  the  end  point  sought  for  may  be 
prepared  by  using  a  slight  amount  of  methyl  orange,  a  few  drops 
of  standard  alkali  and  diluting  to  about  the  same  amount  as  the 
solution  to  be  titrated. 

If  all  the  CO2  is  not  expelled  an  intermediate  color  is  observed 
due  to  its  action  on  the  indicator,  the  color  passing  from  pink 
through  orange  to  yellow  and  vice  versa.  This  transition  through 
orange,  however,  is  much  more  noticeable  when  weaker  standard 
solutions,  fifth  normal,  etc.,  are  used. 

Phenolphthalein  as  an  indicator  is  colorless  in  an  acid  solution 
and  a  pinkish-red  in  an  alkaline  solution.  If  phenolphthalein  is 
used,  special  precautions  must  be  taken  as  to  the  exclusion  of 
CO2.  The  solution  must  be  well  boiled,  the  standard  solutions 
should  be  C02-free;  C02-free  water  should  be  used  and  some 
chemists  even  claim  that  the  C02  contained  in  the  air,  which 
comes  into  contact  with  the  liquid  upon  cooling,  may  cause 
trouble  in  accurate  work. 

Preparation  and  Calculation  of  the  Standard  Acid 

A  normal  solution  of  sulphuric  acid  contains  40.03  grams  S03 
per  liter  (0.04003  gram  per  cubic  centimeter).  To  prepare, 
determine  the  per  cent.  SO3  in  the  chemically  pure  acid  that  the 
solution  is  to  be  prepared  from. 

Let  x  =  grams  c.p.  acid  to  be  used  per  liter 

y  =  per  cent.  SO3  in  c.p.  acid 

rp,  100  X  40.03 

Then  x  =  - 

y 


130  -        SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Titrate  an  aliquot  portion  of  the  newly  prepared  solution 
against  a  weighed  quantity  of  sodium  carbonate  or  if  accurate 
standard  alkali  solution  is  at  hand  it  may  similarly  be  employed 
for  examining  the  provisional  acid.  Adjustment  to  normal 
strength  may  now  be  made. 

Thus  far  standard  solutions  have  been  considered  as  being  ad- 
justed to  normality.  Calculations  are  simplified  to  a  great  ex- 
tent by  using  normal  solutions,  but  to  adjust  solutions  to  be 
just  normal  is  a  matter  of  considerable  difficulty.  It  is  a  general 
practice  to  calculate  the  strength  of  the  standard  solutions,  not 
attempting  to  have  the  normality  more  than  approximate,  the 
exact  strength,  however,  always  being  known  and  used  in  all 
calculations. 

Following  is  given  the  method  for  calculating  the  grams  SO3 
per  cubic  centimeter  in  the  standard  acid  solution.  The  grams 
SO3  per  cubic  centimeter  may  be  used  directly  in  calculations  or 
reduced  to  per  cent,  normality.  For  instance,  a  normal  solution 
contains  0.04003  gram  SO3  per  cubic  centimeter.  Suppose  a 
solution  is  found  to  contain  0.0395  gram  per  cubic  centimeter. 
Then  the  per  cent,  normality  of  this  solution  would  be : 

-  °-9868Ar 

Molecular  weight         SO3  =    80.06 
Molecular  weight  Na2C03  =  106.005 

QO  r\r* 

'  n     =  0.7552  =  gram  S03  neutralized  by  1  gram  Na2CO3 
lUb.UUo 

Let       x  =  gram  S03  per  cubic  centimeter  in  standard  acid 
a  =  grams  Na2C03  neutralized 
b  —  cubic  centimeters  standard  acid  neutralized  (cubic 

centimeters  acid  —  cubic  centimeters  alkali  in  back 

titration.) 

a  X  0.7552 
X"        ~b~ 

It  is  necessary  to  know  the  relative  strengths  of  the  standard 
acid  and  alkali  solutions  so  that  the  value  of  the  alkali  solution 


QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  131 

used  in  producing  the  desired  neutralization  may  be  ascertained. 
When  the  two  solutions  are  exactly  equivalent  cubic  centimeters 
to  cubic  centimeters,  subtraction  of  the  alkali  used  from  the  acid 
used  gives  the  correct  amount  of  acid  used.  If  the  solutions  are 
not  exactly  equivalent  the  alkali  reading  should  be  multiplied 
by  a  factor  of  its  per  cent,  relation  to  the  acid  solution  in  order 
to  equalize  the  two.  For  example,  in  determining  the  relation 
between  the  acid  and  alkali  we  find  it  requires  29.7  c.c.  of  alkali 
to  neutralize  30  c.c.  of  acid. 
The  factor  then  would  be: 

&  - 1-0101 

The  temperature  of  the  standard  acid  should  be  observed  at 
the  time  of  its  standardization  for  future  use.  The  coefficient 
of  expansion  is  0.000325  c.c.  or  0.000013  gram  SO3  per  cubic 
centimeter  per  degree  Centigrade  for  average  laboratory  tem- 
peratures (25°C.). 

Example: 

Weight  of  Na2CO3  used  =    2  grams 

Cubic  centimeters  acid  used  =  39. 17  c.c. 

Cubic  centimeters  alkali  used  =    0.92  c.c. 

29.7  c.c.  alkali  will  neutralize  30  c.c.  of  acid         =     1 .0101  (factor) 
Temperature  of  acid  =  23°C. 

0.92  X  1.0101  =    0.93 
39.17-0.93      =38.24 
o  y  ft  7552 

-  =  0.039498  gram  SO3  per  cubic  centimeter  at  23°C. 

«5o.^4 

Standard  Sodium  Hydroxide 

A  normal  solution  of  sodium  hydroxide  contains  40.008  grams 
NaOH  per  liter  (0.040008  gram  per  cubic  centimeter).  It  is  not 
essential  to  have  the  solution  "just  normal"  but  for  simplifying 
calculations  it  should  be  as  nearly  equivalent  to  the  standard 
acid  as  possible. 


132  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Standard  sodium  hydroxide  is  prepared  by  dissolving  approxi- 
mately 50  grams  NaOH  per  liter.  The  solution  may  then  be 
adjusted  to  proper  strength.  This  solution  is  controlled  by 
standardizing  against  the  standard  sulphuric-acid  solution  using 
methyl  orange  as  indicator. 

Run  a  quantity  of  the  standard  alkali  into  the  titrating  vessel, 
add  a  drop  or  two  of  the  indicator  which  will  give  a  yellow  straw 
color.  Now  titrate  with  the  standard  acid,  toward  neutraliza- 
tion drop  by  drop  then  cutting  the  drops  from  the  tip  of  the  bu- 
rette until  a  fraction  of  a  drop  produces  a  pink  color. 

Observe  the  temperature  of  the  standard  acid  and  if  it  varies 
from  the  time  of  its  standardization  use  the  given  coefficient  of 
expansion  and  calculate  to  the  temperature  observed  at  the  time 
of  the  alkali  standardization. 

Let  x  =   gram  S03  equivalent  per  cubic  centimeter  standard 

alkali 

a  =  gram  SO3  per  cubic  centimeter  standard  acid 
b  =  cubic  centimeters  standard  acid  used 
c  =  cubic  centimeters  standard  alkali  used 
a  X  b 

X  =  —T 

Observe  the  temperature  of  the  standard  alkali  at  the  time  of 
its  standardization  for  future  use.  The  coefficient  of  expansion 
is  0.00026  c.c.  or  0.000011  gram  S03  equivalent  per  cubic  centi- 
meter per  degree  Centigrade  for  average  laboratory  tempera- 
tures (25°C.). 
Example: 

Gram    S03    per    cubic    centimeter    standard    acid   at  23° 
=  0.039498 

Temperature  acid  at  time  of  alkali  standardization  =  27° 

27°  -  23°  =  4° 
4  X  0.000013  =  0.000052 

0.039498  -  0.000052  =  0.039446  gram  SO3  per  cubic  centi- 
meter standard  acid  at  27°C, 


QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  133 

Cubic  centimeters  standard  acid  used     =  30 
Cubic  centimeters  standard  alkali  used  =  29 . 7 
Temperature  standard  alkali  =  26° 

0.039446  X  30  „  .     . 

— — — =  0.039844  gram  SOa  equivalent  per  cubic 

£tu  .7 

centimeter  standard  alkali  at  26°C. 

Sodium  hydroxide  purified  by  alcohol  is  not  suitable  for  pre- 
paring a  standard  solution  as  it  does  not  drain  properly  in  the 
burette,  producing  an  oily  appearance. 

When  employing  methyl  orange  as  an  indicator  an  ordinary 
sodium  hydroxide  solution  may  be  employed  without  any  special 
precautions.  When  intended  to  be  used  with  phenolphthalein 
it  should  be  as  free  as  possible  from  carbonate  as  this  would  inter- 
fere with  the  indicator.  Also  the  solution  should  be  protected 
against  the  absorption  of  CC>2  from  the  air.  COz  free  water 
should  be  used. 

A'  solution  entirely  free  from  carbonate  is  difficult  to  prepare 
and  preserve  when  in  constant  use.  By  adding  1  to  2  grams  of 
barium  hydroxide  or  barium  chloride  per  liter  of  the  standard 
solution  the  carbonate  will  be  precipitated.  It  is  advisable  to 
add  only  an  amount  to  precipitate  the  carbonate  as  the  presence 
of  barium  would  produce  an  opalescence  with  sulphuric  acid 
when  titrated.  Or  a  better  method  would  be  to  add  the  barium 
hydroxide  in  slight  excess  to  precipitate  the  carbonate,  then  add 
enough  sulphuric  acid  to  precipitate  the  excess  barium. 

Protecting  the  Strength  of  the  Standard  Solutions 

The  standard  solution  containers  should  be  well  stoppered  and 
the  air  drawn  into  the  bottle  purified  from  CO2  and  acid  fumes. 
This  can  be  accomplished  by  drawing  the  air  through  a  sodium- 
hydroxide  solution  or  sodium  calcium  oxide  then  through  calcium 
chloride.  Some  chemists  claim  that  if  vapor  is  lost  from  the 
standard  reagents  and  this  replaced  by  dry  air,  as  is  the  common 
practice,  the  solution  gradually  changes  in  strength.  They  rec- 


134  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

ommend  drawing  through  a  sodium-hydroxide  solution  only, 
thus  purifying  the  air  from  C02  and  acid  fumes  and  at  the  same 
time  saturating  the  air  with  moisture. 

Burettes 

Fifty  cubic-centimeter  burettes,  graduated  in  tenths,  with 
a  mark  passing  entirely  around  the  tube  are  very  convenient. 
The  eye  can  be  held  so  that  the  marks  appear  to  be  a  straight 
line  drawn  across  the  tube,  thus  lessening  chances  of  error  in 
reading.  One  hundred  cubic-centimeter  burettes  graduated  in 
tenths  would  be  too  long  for  convenient  manipulation. 

In  extremely  accurate  work,  where  it  is  desired  to  have  a 
titration  of  75  to  100  c.c.,  the  chamber  burette  is  convenient. 
The  chamber  located  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  tube  holds  75 
c.c.  and  the  lower  portion  drawn  out  into  a  uniform  bore  tube 
holding  25  c.c.,  is  graduated. 

Burettes  should  be  connected  to  the  reservoir  of  standard 
solutions  by  means  of  an  arm  at  the  base. 

Burettes  should  be  allowed  to  drain  2  min.  before  taking 
readings.  Readings  should  be  in  hundredths  of  a  cubic  centi- 
meter. Meniscus  readers  are  of  great  value. 

Observing  Temperature 

Thermometers  may  be  suspended  from  the  stoppers  of  the 
reservoirs. 

The  burette  may  be  water-jacketed  with  a  large  glass  tube 
and  the  thermometer  suspended  along  side  of  the  burette. 

The  thermometer  may  be  inserted  in  the  upright  siphon  tube 
from  the  reservoir  at  the  base  of  the  burette. 

Titrating  Vessels 

White  porcelain  dishes  (500-c.c.  capacity)  or  4-in.  casseroles 
are  best  adapted  for  titrating  vessels  on  account  of  the  clear 


QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  135 

white  background,  enabling  the  analyst  to  see  the  end  point 
clearly. 

Preparing  Indicator  Solution 

Methyl  orange  may  be  prepared  by  dissolving  1  gram  of  the 
reagent  per  liter  of  water. 

Phenolphthalein  may  be  prepared  by  dissolving  1  gram  of  the 
reagent  per  liter  of  neutral  95  per  cent,  alcohol. 

Methods  of  Weighing  Acid 

Non-fuming. — Tared,  glass-stoppered,  conical-shape  weighing 
bottles  about  15-c.c.  capacity  are  very  convenient.  Weigh 
about  1.5  to  2  grams  for  each  titration.  Wash  into  the  titrating 
vessel,  dilute  to  150-200  c.c.  and  titrate. 

Fuming. — Fuming  acid  must  be  confined  during  weighing  and 
until  diluted  with  water  without  loss  of  SO3.  If  the  acid  is 
wholly  or  partly  crystallized,  heat  moderately  until  it  becomes 
liquid  and  mix  thoroughly  before  sampling.  Acid  which  is  not 
far  removed  from  real  SO3  in  composition  would  give  off  too 
much  SO3  in  this  operation.  Such  acid  should  be  weighed  out 
in  a  stoppered  bottle  and  mixed  in  this  with  a  known  and  exactly 
analyzed  quantity  of  a  weaker  acid  at  a  temperature  from  30° 
to  40°C.  In  this  way  an  acid  that  will  remain  liquid  at  ordinary 
temperatures  can  be  formed.  Of  course  the  amount  of  diluting 
acid  added  will  have  to  be  taken  into  calculations. 

A  few  methods  for  weighing  follow: 

1.  Lunge -Rey  Pipette. — This  consists  of  a  small  bulb  with  a 
stop-cock  at  each  end,  the  tube  from  one  being  capillary.  The 
capillary  tube  is  covered  with  a  ground  on  light  glass  cup  which 
is  weighed  with  the  pipette.  The  whole  apparatus  is  weighed, 
the  stop-cock  next  to  the  capillary  is  closed  and  the  air  in  the 
bulb  exhausted  by  applying  suction  at  the  other  (upper)  tube, 
the  stop-cock  is  closed  thus  sealing  the  vacuum.  The  capillary 
tube  is  then  dipped  into  the  acid  to  be  sampled,  the  lower  stop- 


136  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

cock  then  opened  and  the  acid  will  be  drawn  into  the  bulb.  The 
lower  stop-cock  is  closed  and  the  capillary  covered  with  the  cup 
and  the  whole  again  weighed.  The  pipette  is  emptied  by  placing 
the  capillary  under  water,  opening  both  stop-cocks  and  allowing 
the  acid  to  run  out,  then  washing  thoroughly.  Dilute  to  150  to 
200  c.c.  and  titrate. 

2.  Glass-tube  Method. — Some  chemists  use  glass  tubes  bent 
in  different  shapes  for  weighing  fuming  acid.     The  acid  is  drawn 
into  the  tube  by  applying  suction  and  emptied  by  submerging 
under  water  and  allowing  to  run  out  by  gravity,  regulating  the 
outflow  by  placing  a  finger  over  the  end  of  the  tube  or  by  regu- 
lating the  flow  of  water  sometimes  used  to  force  the  acid  out. 

3.  Glass-bulb  Method. — In  the  bulb  method  thin  glass  bulbs 
of  about  2-c.c.  capacity  are  used.     The  bulbs  have  a  capillary 
tube  from  two  sides,  one  about  J^  in.  long  which  is  sealed  and 
used  as  a  handle  and  the  other  about  3  in.  long.     These  bulbs 
may  be  easily  made  by  an  amateur  glass  blower.     After  weighing 
the  bulb,  heat  moderately  over  a  low  alcohol  flame,  then  place 
the  long  tube  into  the  acid  to  be  sampled  and  allow  to  cool. 
The  contraction  of  the  air  upon  cooling  will  draw  the  acid  into 
the  bulb.     Draw  1.5  to  2  grams.     Seal  the  end  with  the  flame, 
wipe  the  acid  off  carefully  and  weigh.     Insert  the  bulb  along 
with  about  50  c.c.  water  in  a  well-stoppered  bottle,  large  enough 
to  allow  the  bulb  to  be  placed  loosely.     Give  the  bottle  a  vigor- 
ous shake  so  as  to  break  the  bulb.     A  sudden  vibration  occurs 
from  the  contact  of  the  acid  with  the  water  and  clouds  of  SO3 
rise  which  will  be  absorbed  by  a  little  shaking.     When  the  SOs 
fumes  are  completely  absorbed,  open  the  bottle  and  crush  the 
capillary  tubes  with  a  glass  rod.     Wash  into  the  titrating  vessel, 
dilute  to  150-200  c.c.  and  titrate. 

Advantages  of  the  bulb  method: 

1.  Convenience  in  handling  as  compared  to  the  awkwardness 
of  the  other  methods. 

2.  To  facilitate  drying  the  tubes  or  pipette,  requires  that  they 
be  rinsed  in  alcohol,  followed  by  ether,  then  heating,  dry  air 


QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  137 

being  aspirated  through.     This  requires  a  great  deal  of  time  and 
work  which  is  eliminated  by  the  bulb  method. 

3.  In  diluting,  strong  fuming  acid  cannot  be  run  directly  into 
water  in  an  open  vessel  without  great  chances  of  loss.     SOa  fumes 
may  escape  unabsorbed.     Also  loss  may  occur  through  the  bump- 
ing and  splashing  caused  by  the  sudden  evolution  of  heat  when 
the  acid  comes  into  contact  with  water.     The  bulb  method  does 
not  have  these  objections. 

4.  If  solid  acid  is  being  analyzed,  using  the  bulb  method  it 
only  has  to  be  kept  liquid  long  enough  to  draw  into  the  bulb 
while  with  the  other  methods  it  also  must  be  kept  in  the  liquid 
state  to  empty  from  the  tube  or  pipette. 

Titration  of  Acid 

As  indicator  methyl  orange  is  used  and  so  much  is  only  taken 
than  the  pink  color  produced  is  quite  visible,  say  a  drop.  A 
yellow  straw-colored  end  point  is  sought  for  and  to  be  certain  of 
neutralization  it  is  best  to  titrate  back,  cutting  a  fraction  of  a 
drop  off  the  tip  of  the  burette  until  a  faint  trace  of  pink  is 
observed. 

If  phenolphthalein  is  used  as  an  indicator  titrate  with  alkali 
until  a  pinkish-red  is  observed. 

Nitrous  acid  destroys  the  coloring  matter  of  methyl  orange, 
but  commercial  acid  seldom  contains  sufficient  amount  to  cause 
any  trouble.  If  any  difficulty  is  encountered,  the  indicator 
should  be  added  or  renewed  shortly  toward  neutralization  or  an 
excess  of  alkali  added,  then  methyl  orange,  and  the  solution  then 
titrated  back  with  standard  acid. 

Let  x  =  per  cent.  SO3 

a  =  gram  SOs  equivalent  per  cubic  centimeter  in  stand- 
ard alkali 

b  =  cubic  centimeters  standard  alkali  neutralized  (cubic 
centimeters  alkali  used  —  cubic  centimeters  acid  used) 

c  =  grams  acid  (weight  of  sample) 

a  X  b  X  100 

x  =  


138  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

If  the  temperature  of  the  standard  alkali  differs  from  the  time 
of  its  standardization  adjust  the  temperature  correction  before 
making  calculations. 

Example: 

Grams  acid  (weight  of  sample)  =    1  .  9845 

Cubic  centimeters  standard  alkali  used  =  40  .  00 

Temperature  of  standard  alkali  =  22°C. 
Gram    SO3    equivalent    per  cubic   centi- 

meter standard  alkali  at  26°C.  =    0.039844 

26°  -  22°C.  =    4.0° 

4    X  0.000011  =    0.000044 

0  .  039844  +  0  .  000044  =    0  .  039888 

0.039888  X  40  X  100  ar. 

=  80.39  per  cent,  SO3 


Thus  far  all  operations  have  been  carried  on  under  the  assump- 
tion that  no  S02  is  present  in  the  sulphuric  acid.  If  SO2  is  pres- 
ent, operations  and  calculations  must  be  extended  according  to 
the  indicator  used. 

Sulphur  dioxide  dissolves  in  water  forming  sulphurous  acid. 
When  phenolphthalein  is  used  as  an  indicator  the  reaction  is 

H2SO3  +  2NaOH  =  Na2S03  +  2H20 

With  methyl  orange,  the  point  of  neutrality  is  reached  when 
the  acid  salt  NaHSO3  has  been  formed  thus  requiring  only  one- 
half  as  much  alkali  for  neutralization  as  when  phenolphthalein  is 
used 

H2S03  +  NaOH  =  NaHS03  +  H20 

Determine  the  amount  of  S02  present  by  titrating  a  separate 
sample  with  N/10  iodine  using  starch  as  an  indicator.  The  end 
point  is  reached  when  a  blue  color  is  observed. 

Let  x  =  per  cent.  SO2 

a  =  cubic  centimeters  N/10  1  used  ;  1  cc.  =  0  .  0032  gram  SO2 
b  =  grams  acid  in  sample 


X   = 


QUANTITATIVE  ANALYSIS  139 

a  X  0.0032  X  100 


SO,  _  80.06  _ 

S02  "  64.06  " 

Using  phenolphthalein : 

Per  cent.  S03  as  total  acidity  —  (per  cent.  SO2  X  1.25)  = 

actual  per  cent.  S03. 
Using  methyl  orange: 

Percent.  SO3  as  total  acidity  -  0.5  (percent.  SO2  X  1.25)  = 

actual  per  cent.  SOa. 

If  it  is  desired  to  calculate  fuming  acid  as  per  cent,  free  SO3,  no 
SO2  being  present,  the  formulas  given  under  the  caption  "  Form- 
ulas for  use  in  sulphuric-acid  calculations"  may  be  used.  If  SO2 
is  present  it  should  be  calculated  as  follows: 

Example. — Methyl  orange  is  used  as  indicator: 

Total  acidity  per  cent.  SO3  =  83.5 
Per  cent.  SO2  =    2.0 

Per  cent. 

Actual  total  SO3  =    83.5    -  0.5  (2  X  1.25)=  82.25 

H2O  =  100.0      -  (82.25  +  2.0)  =  15.75 

Combined  SO3  =    15.75  X  4.4438  =69.99 

Free  SO3  =    82.25  -  69.99  =  12.26 

H2S04  =    15.75  +  69.99  =  85.74 

Therefore  the  composition  of  the  acid  would  be: 

Per  cent. 

H2SO4  =  85.74 

FreeSO3  =  12.26 

SO2  =    2.00 

100.00 

QUANTITATIVE    DETERMINATION  OF  LEAD,  IRON  AND  ZINC  IN 
SULPHURIC  ACID 

Lead 

Weigh  100  grams  of  the  acid  and  dilute  with  an  equal  volume 
of  water  and  twice  its  vo'ume  of  alcohol.  Upon  cooling  the  lead 


140  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

settles  as  a  white  precipitate  of  sulphate.  Filter  directly  on  an 
asbestos  mat  in  a  tared  Gooch  crucible,  wash  several  times  with 
dilute  alcohol,  dry  and  weigh  as  lead  sulphate. 

1  gram  PbS04  =  0.68324  gram  Pb. 


Iron 

Weigh  100  grams  of  the  acid,  add  a  few  drops  of  hydrogen 
peroxide  to  oxidize  the  iron.  Make  alkaline  by  adding  ammonia 
which  will  precipitate  the  iron,  heat  to  boiling  and  filter.  Dis- 
solve the  precipitate  from  the  filter  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid, 
wash  with  hot  water,  add  about  10  c.c.  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid  and  pass  through  pure  zinc  shavings.  Wash  the  latter 
thoroughly  and  then  titrate  with  potassium  permanganate. 
This  is  best  employed  as  an  empirical  solution  prepared  by  dis- 
solving 564  mg.  KMnO4  per  liter. 

1  c.c.  =  0.001  gram  Fe  or  0.001  per  cent.  Fe  on  a  100-gram 
sample. 

Zinc 

Weigh  100  grams  acid,  dilute  to  about  400  c.c.,  neutralize  with 
ammonia  and  filter  off  the  iron.  Pass  through  H2S  gas,  allow 
the  ZnS  to  settle.  Decant  the  supernatant  liquor.  Dissolve 
the  precipitate  with  hydrochloric  acid,  neutralize  with  ammonia, 
add  a  small  amount  of  ammonium  chloride  and  an  excess  of  10 
c.c.  hydrochloric  acid.  Dilute  to  about  250  c.c.,  heat  to  boiling 
and  titrate  while  hot  with  potassium  ferrocyanide  using  uranium 
nitrate  on  a  spot  plate  as  indicator. 

THE  ANALYSIS  OF  MIXED  ACID  AND  NITRATED  SULPHURIC 

ACID 

Mixed  acid  is  the  technical  name  for  a  mixture  of  strong  sul- 
phuric acid  and  nitric  acid.  The  analysis  includes  the  deter- 
mination of  H2SO4,  HNO3  and  lower  oxides  which  may  be  cal- 


ANALYSIS  OF  MIXED  ACID  141 

culated  as  N2O3,  N2O5,  HNO2  or  even  as  N2O4  and  in  the  case 
of  faming  sulphuric  acid  being  present  the  determination  of  SO3. 
In  the  presence  of  the  latter  HNO3  is  supposed  to  lose  its  com- 
bined water  according  to  the  reaction: 

2HNO3  +  S03  =  H2S04  +  N2O5 

If  any  SO2  should  be  present  it  is  assumed  that  it  is  oxidized 
to  SO3  with  the  formation  of  H2S04  and  the  anhydrides  SO3  and 
N2O3  according  to  the  reaction: 

N2O5  -f  H2O  +  2SO2  =  N2O3  +  SO3  +  H2SO4 
Some  chemists  prefer  to  express  the  reaction: 
2HNO3  +  SO2  =  H2SO4  +  N2O4 

The  analysis  is  carried  out  by  three  titrations: 

(a)  Determination  of  total  acidity. 

(6)  Determination  of  sulphuric  acid,  including  free  SO3  in  the 
case  of  fuming  acid. 

(c)  Determination  of  lower  oxides  of  nitrogen. 

(a)  Total  Acidity. — The  sample  is  accurately  weighed  by  one 
of  the  procedures  recommended  for  fuming  sulphuric  acid  and 
diluted  with  water  as  described.  If  methyl  orange  is  employed 
as  indicator,  either  add  it  only  toward  the  end  of  the  titration 
or  renew  it  as  destroyed  or  add  an  excess  of  alkali,  then  the  indi- 
cator and  titrate  back.  Calculate  as  per  cent.  SO3. 

(6)  Sulphuric  Acid. — A  second  sample  is  weighed  and  diluted 
as  in  the  case  of  total  acids.  The  solution  is  evaporated  on  a 
steam  bath  to  expel  the  volatile  acids,  lower  oxides  and  nitric. 
The  evaporation  is  hastened  by  blowing  a  current  of  hot,  dry, 
pure  air  over  the  sample.  About  5  c.c.  water  are  added  and  this 
again  evaporated.  The  acid  is  then  diluted  with  water  and 
titrated  with  the  standard  alkali.  Calculate  as  per  cent.  SO3 
which  gives  the  actual  per  cent. 

(c)  Lower  Oxides. — A  third  sample  is  weighed  and  diluted  as 
in  the  case  of  total  acids.  The  solution  is  titrated  immediately 


142  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

with  N/10  KMn04,  the  reagent  being  added  rapidly  at  first  and 
finally  drop  by  drop  as  the  end  point  is  approached.  The  reac- 
tion at  the  end  is  apt  to  be  slow  so  that  time  must  be  allowed  for 
complete  oxidation.  The  titration  is  completed  when  a  pink 
color  is  obtained  that  does  not  fade  in  3  min. 

Organic  matter  is  also  oxidized  by  KMnO4  hence  will  interfere 
if  present.  If  organic  matter  is  present  the  titration  should  be 
made  with  N/10  iodine  solution. 

KMnO4  reacts  with  nitrous  acid  or  a  nitrate  as  follows: 

2KMn04  +  5HN02  +  3H2SO4  =  K2SO4  +  5HNO3  + 

3H2O  +  2MnSO4 

4KMnO4  +  5N2O3  +  6H2SO4  =  2K2SO4  +  4MnSO4  + 

5N2O5  +  6H20 

Therefore  1  c.c.  N/10  KMnO4  =  0.0019    gram  N203 

0.0046    gram  N2O4 
0.00235  gram  HNO2 

The  KMn04  solution  is  standardized  against  sodium  oxalate. 
Reaction : 

5Na2C204  -|-  2KMn04  +  8H2SO4  = 

K2SO4  +  2MnSO4  +  5Na2S04  +  10CO2  +  8H2O. 

Example. — Mixed  acid  analysis  —  free  S03  absent. 
The  total  acidity  in  terms  of  S03  is  found  to  be  67.76  per  cent. 
The  total  S03  after  evaporation  =  34 . 55  per  cent. 
The  N2O3  =    0.096  per  cent. 

To  calculate  the  composition  of  the  mixed  acid : 

67.76  -  34.55  =  33.21  per  cent.  HNO3  +  HNO2  as  SO3. 
The  amount  of  acidity  as  nitric  acid  is: 
2HNO3      2(63.018) 


S03  80.06 


X  33.21  =  52.27  per  cent.  HN03  + 


HNO2  as  HNO3. 


ANALYSIS  OF  MIXED  ACID  143 

The  equivalent  of  N2O3  in  HNO3  is: 

2HNO3       2(63.018)  v 

-N^7       ^7o2-  X  0.096  =  0.16  per  cent 

The  amount  of  nitric  acid  present  is: 

52.27  -  0.16  =  52.11  per  cent.  HNO3. 
The  amount  of  sulphuric  acid  present  is: 

^  =  Sx34.55  =  42.33  per  cent.  H2so, 

From  these  figures  the  analysis  of  the  mixed  acid  is : 

H2S04  =  42.33 

HNO3  =  52.11 

N2O3     =  0.10 

By  difference  H2O      =  5.46 


100.00  per  cent. 

Example.  —  Mixed  acid  analysis  —  free  SOS  present. 
Nitric  acid  in  the  presence  of  free  SO3  is  assumed  to  be  the 
anhydride  N2Os. 

The  total  acidity  in  terms  of  SO3  is  found  to  be  84  per  cent. 
The  total  SO3  after  evaporation  82  per  cent. 
84  -  82  =  2  per  cent.  SO3  difference. 
The  equivalent  N2Os  is: 

»  cent™. 


Water  =  100  -  (82  +  2.698)  =  15.302  per  cent. 

Combined  S03  =  15.302  X  4.4438          =68.00 

Free  SO3  =  82-68  =  14.00 

H2SO4  =  68  +  15.30  =83.30 


144  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

From  these  figures  the  analysis  of  the  mixed  acid  is: 

H2SO4  =    83.30 

FreeSO3  =     14.00 

N205  =      2.70 

100.00  per  cent. 

Du  Pont  Nitrometer  Method 

The  principle  of  the  nitrometer  method  for  the  determination 
of  nitrogen  acids  in  sulphuric  acid  and  mixed  acid  is  the  reaction 
between  sulphuric  acid  and  nitrogen  acids  in  the  presence  of 
mercury.  This  converts  all  nitrogen  acids  into  NO: 

2HN03  +  3H2SO4  +  3Hg.  =  4H2O  +  3HgSO4  +  2NO 

There  are  several  types  of  nitrometers,  the  Du  Pont  having 
proved  to  be  the  most  accurate  and  convenient,  in  fact,  in  the 
United  States  it  is  now  practically  accepted  as  the  standard 
nitrometer  apparatus.  The  United  States  government  uses  it  ex- 
clusively in  all  nitrometer  work.  By  use  of  this  apparatus,  direct 
readings  in  per  cent,  may  be  obtained,  without  recourse  to  cor- 
rection of  the  volume  of  gas  to  standard  conditions  and  calcula- 
tions such  as  are  required  with  ordinary  nitrometers. 

The  apparatus  consists  of  a  generating  bulb  D  of  300  c.c.  capac- 
ity with  its  reservoir  E  connected  with  heavy  walled  rubber  tub- 
ing. D  carries  two  glass  stop-cocks  as  is  shown  in  illustration. 
c  is  a  two  way  stop-cock  communicating  with  either  the  cup  or 
the  right  angle  capillary  exit  tube.  C  is  the  chamber  reading 
burette,  calibrated  to  read  in  percentages  of  nitrogen  and  gradu- 
ated from  10  to  14  per  cent.,  divided  into  one-hundredths.  Be- 
tween 171.8  and  240.4  c.c.  of  gas  must  be  generated  to  obtain  a 
reading.  B  is  the  ungraduated  compensating  burette  very  simi- 
lar in  form  to  the  reading  burette  C.  A  is  the  leveling  bulb 
which  is  connected  with  B  and  C  with  heavy  walled  rubber  tubing 
by  the  glass  connection  y.  By  raising  or  lowering  this  bulb  the 
standard  pressure  of  the  system  may  be  obtained.  F  is  a  meas- 
uring burette- that  may  be  used  in  place  of  C  where  a  wider  range 


ANALYSIS  OF  MIXED  ACID 


145 


of  measurement  is  desired.  It  can  be  used  for  the  measurement 
of  small  as  well  as  large  amounts  of  gas.  It  is  most  commonly 
graduated  to  hold  300.1  milligrams  of  NO  at  20°C.  and  760  mm. 
pressure  and  this  volume  is  divided  into  100  units  (subdivided 
in  tenths)  each  unit  being  equivalent  to  3.001  milligrams  of  NO. 


«rt« 


When  compensated,  the  gas  from  ten  times  the  molecular  weight 
in  milligrams  of  any  nitrate  of  the  formula  RNO3  (or  five  times 
the  molecular  weight  of  R(NO3)2)  should  exactly  fill  the  burette. 
This  simplifies  all  calculations;  for  example,  the  per  cent,  nitric 
acid  in  a  mixed  acid  would  be : 

Burette  reading  X  63.02 

Grams  acid  taken  X  100  =  ***  pent'  HN°3 
10 


146  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Standardizing  the  Apparatus. — The  apparatus  having  been 
arranged  and  the  various  parts  filled  with  mercury,  the  instru- 
ment is  standardized  as  follows: 

20  to  30  c.c.  of  sulphuric  acid  are  drawn  into  the  gene- 
rating bulb  through  the  cup,  and  at  the  same  time  about 
210  c.c.  of  air;  cocks  c  and  d  are  closed  and  the  bulb  well 
shaken;  this  thoroughly  desiccates  the  air  which  is  then  run 
over  into  the  compensating  burette  until  the  mercury  is  about 
on  a  level  with  the  12.30  per  cent,  mark  on  the  reading  burette, 
the  two  being  held  in  the  same  relative  position,  after  which  the 
compensating  burette  is  sealed  off  by  closing  stop-cock  a.  A 
further  quantity  of  air  is  desiccated  in  the  same  manner  and  run 
into  the  reading  burette  so  as  to  fill  up  to  about  the  same  mark; 
the  cock  b  is  then  closed  and  a  small  glass  U-tube  filled  with  sul- 
phuric acid  (not  water)  is  attached  to  the  exit  tube  of  the  reading 
burette;  when  the  mercury  columns  are  balanced  and  the  enclosed 
air  cooled  down,  the  cock  b  is  carefully  opened  and  when  the  sul- 
phuric acid  balances  in  the  U-tube,  and  the  mercury  columns  in 
both  burettes  are  at  the  same  level,  then  the  air  in  each  one  is 
under  the  same  conditions  of  temperature  and  pressure.  A  read- 
ing is  now  made  from  the  burette  and  the  barometric  pressure  and 
temperature  carefully  noted  using  the  formula: 

FoPo(273  +  fl 

Vt  =  ~ 


The  volume  this  enclosed  air  would  occupy  at  760  mm.  pressure 
and  20°C.  is  found.  The  cock  b  is  again  closed  and  the  reservoir 
A  manipulated  so  as  to  bring  the  mercury  in  both  burettes  to  the 
same  level  and  in  the  reading  burette  to  the  calculated  value  as 
well.  A  strip  of  paper  is  now  pasted  on  the  compensating  bu- 
rette at  the  level  of  the  mercury  and  the  standardization  is 
complete. 

The  better  and  most  rapid  method  of  standardizing  is  to  fill 
the  compensating  chamber  with  desiccated  air  as  stated  in  the 
previous  method  and  then  to  introduce  into  the  generating  cham- 


ANALYSIS  OF  MIXED  ACID  147 

ber  1  gram  of  pure  potassium  nitrate  dissolved  in  2  to  4  c.c.  of 
water,  the  cup  is  rinsed  out  with  20  c.c.  66°Be.  sulphuric  acid, 
making  three  or  four  washings  of  it,  each  lot  being  drawn  sepa- 
rately into  the  bulb.  The  generating  bulb  is  then  shaken 
vigorously,  care  being  taken  that  stopcock  d  is  open,  until  ap- 
parently all  gas  is  formed.  Then  close  cock  d  and  repeat  the 
shaking  for  two  minutes.  The  generated  gas  is  then  transferred 
into  the  measuring  burette.  The  columns  in  both  burettes  are 
balanced  so  that  the  reading  burette  is  at  13.85  (per  cent.  N  in 
KNO3).  A  strip  of  paper  is  pasted  on  the  compensating  burette 
at  the  level  of  the  mercury  and  the  standardization  is  accom- 
plished. By  this  method  the  temperature  and  pressure  readings 
and  the  calculations  are  avoided. 

Making  the  Test. — The  acid  is  weighed,  the  amount  being  gov- 
erned by  its  nitrogen  content  and  transferred  into  the  cup  of  the 
generating  bulb.  If  any  free  SO3  is  present  the  acid  should  be 
mixed  after  weighing  with  95  per  cent,  reagent  sulphuric  acid. 
The  sample  is  drawn  into  the  bulb;  the  cup  is  then  rinsed  with 
three  or  four  washings  of  95  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid,  the  total 
quantity  being  20  c.c.  Care  should  be  exercised  that  no  air 
enters  the  bulb  when  drawing  the  acid  in. 

To  generate  the  gas,  the  bulb  is  shaken  vigorously  until  ap- 
parently all  the  gas  is  formed,  taking  care  that  stop-cock  d  has 
been  left  open;  this  cock  is  then  closed  and  the  shaking  repeated 
for  two  minutes.  The  reservoir  A  is  then  lowered  until  about 
60  c.c.  of  mercury  and  20  c.c.  of  acid  are  left  in  the  generating 
bulb.  There  will  remain  then  sufficient  space  for  220  c.c.  of  gas. 
If  too  much  mercury  is  left  in  the  bulb  the  mixture  will  be  so 
thick  that  it  will  be  found  difficult  to  complete  the  reaction,  a 
long  time  will  be  required  for  the  residue  to  settle  and  some  of 
the  gas  is  liable  to  be  held  in  suspension  by  the  mercury,  so  that 
inaccurate  results  follow. 

The  generated  gas  is  now  transferred  to  the  reading  burette, 
and  after  waiting  a  couple  of  minutes  to  allow  for  cooling,  both 
burettes  are  balanced,  so  that  in  the  compensating  tube  the 


148  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

mercury  column  is  on  a  level  with  the  paper  mark,  as  well  as 
with  the  column  in  the  reading  burette ;  the  reading  is  then  taken : 

HNO3       63.018 


N  14.01 


=  4.4981 


Burette  reading  TTAT/^ 

r      X  4.4981  =  per  cent.  HN03 


Weight  acid  taken 

Note. — The  generating  bulb  should  be  flushed  out  with  95  per 
cent,  sulphuric  acid  after  every  determination. 

A  test  should  always  be  made  to  see  whether  the  glass  stop- 
cocks are  tight.  They  will  hardly  remain  so  without  greasing 
occasionally  with  vaseline,  but  this  ought  to  be  done  very  slightly, 
so  as  to  avoid  any  grease  getting  into  the  bore,  for  if  it  comes 
in  contact  with  acid,  troublesome  froth  will  be  formed. 

Ferrous-sulphate  Method 

Nitric  acid  may  be  estimated  quantitatively  in  sulphuric  acid 
and  mixed  acid  by  titration  with  ferrous  sulphate  in  the  presence 
of  strong  sulphuric  acid.  The  strong  sulphuric  acid  is  used  as  the 
medium  in  which  the  titration  is  performed.  This  method  checks 
the  nitrometer  method  very  well  and  very  accurate  results  may 
be  obtained. 

The  following  equation  represents  the  reaction  taking  place : 

4FeSO4  +  2HNO3  +  2H2SO4  =  2Fe2(S04)3  +  N203  +  3H20 

For  detailed  procedure  the  analyst  is  referred  to  Scott's 
''Standard  Methods  of  Chemical  Analysis." 

CALIBRATION  OF  STORAGE  TANKS  AND  TANK  CARS 

One  of  the  problems  often  confronted  in  acid  practice  is  the 
accurate  calibration  of  storage  tanks  and  tank  cars.  When 
these  are  merely  of  upright  cylindrical  shape,  the  solution  is  very 
simple,  but  when  the  cylinder  has  bumped  ends  and  lies  on  its 


CALIBRATION  OF  STORAGE  TANKS  149 

side,  it  becomes  more  complicated  as  there  are  two  variables  to 
be  considered,  that  is,  the  cylinder  and  the  spherical  segments  at 
the  ends. 

Methods  based  on  the  assumption  that  the  tank  is  a  true  cylin- 
der are  applicable  with  accuracy  only  to  cases  when  the  tank  has 
flat  heads.  In  the  majority  of  cases  met  with  in  practice,  how- 
ever, the  mechanical  advantages  to  be  gained  have  required  that 
the  heads  of  the  tanks  be  bumped.  To  such  tanks  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  apply  the  aforementioned  method  of  calculation  without 
the  introduction  of  considerable  error. 

General  practice  of  tank  design  is  to  have  the  radius  of  the  tank 
head  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  tank.  On  account  of  the  almost 
universal  acceptance  of  this  practice  of  construction,  the  proposi- 
tion will  be  confined  to  the  above  condition.  In  subsequent 
calculations,  therefore,  advantage  of  the  above  condition  will  be 
taken,  which  results  in  making  the  diameter  of  the  base  of  the 
spherical  segment  equal  to  the  radius  of  the  sphere. 

Procedure. — Treat  the  tank  as  consisting  of  two  component 
parts : 

1.  The  content  of  the  material  in  the  cylindrical  portion  of  the 
tank,  i.e.,  the  tank  exclusive  of  the  bumped  ends. 

2.  The  content  of  the  material  held  by  the  bumped  ends. 
Treating  the  two  component  volumes  separately,  designate 

them  as: 

Vol.  A  =  volume  of  cylinder. 
Vol.  B  =  volume  of  single  bumped  end. 
Total  volume  =  Vol.  A  +  2  Vol.  B. 

Vol.  A  is  equal  to  the  product  of  the  length  of  the  cylinder  and 
the  area  of  the  segment  of  the  circle. 

Vol.  B  may  be  expressed  as  the  volume  of  a  portion  of  a  spher- 
ical segment. 

To  calibrate  a  tank  for  each  vertical  inch  of  height,  determine 
these  component  volumes  for  every  inch  of  height  and  add  them 
together. 


150 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


Determination  of  Vol.  A 
Calculate  the  height  of  the  segment  as  a  decimal  fraction  of 


the  diameter  of  the  tank  y  .    Consult  the  following  table  and 
find  the  corresponding  coefficient. 

Vol.  A  =  (Coefficient)  X  (Square  of  diameter)  X  (Length  of  tank) 
If  the  tank  is  filled  to  over  one-half,  calculate  the  volume  of 
the  empty  space  and  deduct  this  from  the  total  capacity  of  the 
cylinder. 

Then  Vol.  A  =  (Total  capacity  of  cylinder)  — 

(Volume  of  empty  space) 


h 

d 

Coefficient 

h 
d 

Coefficient 

h 
d 

Coefficient 

h 
d 

Coefficient 

.001 

.00004 

.021 

.00403 

.041 

.01093 

.061 

.01972 

.002 

.00012 

.022 

.00432 

.042 

.01133 

.062 

.02020 

.003 

.00022 

.023 

.00462 

.043 

.01173 

.063 

.02068 

.004 

.00034 

.024 

.00492 

.044 

.01214 

.064 

.02117 

.005 

.00047 

.025 

.00523 

.045 

.01256 

.065 

.02166 

.006 

.00062 

.026 

.00555 

.046 

.01297 

.066 

.02216 

.007 

.00078 

.027 

.00587 

.047 

.01339 

.067 

.02265 

.008 

.00095 

.028 

.00619 

.048 

.01382 

.068 

.02316 

.009 

.00114 

.029 

.00653 

.049 

.01425 

.069 

.02366 

.010 

.00133 

.030 

.00687 

.050 

.01468 

.070 

.02417 

.011 

.00153 

.031 

.00721 

.051 

.01512 

.071 

.02468 

.012 

.00175 

.032 

.00756 

.052 

.01556 

.072 

.02520 

.013 

.00197 

.033 

.00791 

.053 

.01601 

.073 

.02571 

.014 

.00220 

.034 

.00827 

.054 

.01646 

.074 

.02624 

.015 

.00244 

.035 

.00864 

.055 

.01691 

.075 

.02676 

.016 

.00269 

.036 

.00901 

.056 

.01737 

.076 

.02729 

.017 

.00294 

.037 

.00938 

.057 

.01783 

.077 

.02782 

.018 

.00320 

.038 

.00976 

.058 

.01830 

.078 

.02836 

.019 

.00347 

.039 

.01015 

.059 

.01877 

.079 

.02889 

.020 

.00375 

.040 

.01054 

.060 

.01924 

.080 

.02944 

CALIBRATION  OF  STORAGE  TANKS 


151 


h 
d 

Coefficient 

h 
d 

Coefficient 

h 

d 

Coefficient 

h 

d 

Coefficient 

.081 

.02998 

.116 

.05081 

.151 

.07459 

.186 

.10077 

.082 

.03053 

.117 

.05145 

.152 

.07531 

.187 

.10155 

.083 

.03108 

.118 

.05209 

.153 

.07603 

.188 

.  10233 

.084 

.03163 

.119 

.05274 

.154 

.07675 

.189 

.10312 

.085 

.03219 

.120 

.05339 

.155 

.07747 

.190 

.10390 

.086 

.03275 

.121 

.05404 

.156 

.07819 

.191 

.10468 

.087 

.03331 

.122 

.05469 

.157 

.07892 

.192 

.  10547 

.088 

.03387 

.123 

.05535 

.158 

.07965 

.193 

.  10626 

.089 

.03444 

.124 

.05600 

.159 

.08038 

.194 

.  10705 

.090 

.03501 

.125 

.05666 

.160 

.08111 

.195 

.10784 

.091 

.03559 

.126 

.05733 

.161 

.08185 

.196 

.10864 

.092 

.03616 

.127 

.05799 

.162 

.08258 

.197 

.  10943 

.093 

.03674 

.128 

.05866 

.163 

.08332 

.198 

.11023 

.094 

.03732 

.129 

.05933 

.164 

.08406 

.199 

.11103 

.095 

.03791 

.130 

.06000 

.165 

.08480 

.200 

.11182 

.096 

.03850 

.131 

.06067 

.166 

.08555 

.201 

.11263 

.097 

.03909 

.132 

.06135 

.167 

.08629 

.202 

.11343 

.098 

.03968 

.133 

.06203 

.168 

.08704 

.203 

.  11423 

.099 

.04028 

.134 

.06271 

.169 

.08779 

.204 

.11504 

.100 

.04088 

.135 

.06339 

.170 

.08854 

.205 

.11584 

.101 

.04148 

.136 

.06407 

.171 

.08929 

.206 

.11665 

.102 

.04208 

.137 

.06476 

.172 

.09004 

.207 

.11746 

.103 

.04269 

.138 

.06545 

.173 

.09080 

.208 

.11827 

.104 

.04330 

.139 

.06614 

.174 

.09156 

.209 

.11908 

.105 

.04391 

.140 

.06683 

.175 

.09231 

.210 

.11990 

.106 

.04452 

.141 

.06753 

.176 

.09307 

.211 

.  12071 

.107 

.04514 

.142 

.06823 

.177 

.09384 

.212 

.  12153 

.108 

.04576 

.143 

.06892 

.178 

.09460 

.213 

.  12235 

.109 

.04638 

.144 

.06963 

.179 

.09537 

.214 

.12317 

.110 

.04701 

.145 

.07033 

.180 

.09614 

.215 

.  12399 

.111 

.04763 

.146 

..07103 

.181 

.09690 

.216 

.12481 

.112 

.04826 

.147 

.07174 

.182 

.09768 

.217 

.12563 

.113 

.04889 

.148 

.07245 

.183 

.09845 

.218 

.12646 

.114 

.04953 

.149 

.07316 

.184 

.09922 

.219 

.  12729 

.115 

.05017 

.150 

.07388 

.185 

.10000 

.220 

.12811 

152 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


h 
d 

Coefficient 

h 
d 

Coefficient 

h 
d 

Coefficient 

h 
d 

Coefficient 

.221 

.  12894 

.256 

.  15876 

.291 

.  18996 

.326 

.22228 

.222 

.12977 

.257 

.  15964 

.292 

.  19087 

.327 

.22322 

.223 

.  13061 

.258 

.  16051 

.293 

.19177 

.328 

.22415 

.224 

.13144 

.259 

.16139 

.294 

.  19269 

.329 

.  22509 

.225 

.  13227 

.260 

.  16226 

.295 

.  19360 

.330 

.22603 

.226 

.13311 

.261 

.16314 

.296 

.  19451 

.331 

.22697 

.227 

.  13395 

.262 

.  16402 

.297 

.  19542 

.332 

.  22792 

.228 

.13478 

.263 

.  16490 

.298 

.  19634 

.333 

.22886 

.229 

.  13562 

.264 

.  16578 

.299 

.  19725 

.334 

.22980 

.230 

.  13647 

.265 

.  16666 

.300 

.19817 

.335 

.23075 

.231 

.13731 

.266 

.  16755 

.301 

.  19909 

.336 

.23169 

.232 

.13815 

.267 

.  16843 

.302 

.20000 

.337 

.23263 

.233 

.  13900 

.268 

.  16932 

.303 

.20092 

.338 

.23358 

.234 

.  13984 

.269 

.  17020 

.304 

.20184 

.339 

.23453 

.235 

.  14069 

.270 

.17109 

.305 

.20276 

.340 

.23547 

.236 

.14154 

.271 

.17198 

.306 

.20368 

.341 

.23642 

.237 

.  14239 

.272 

.  17287 

.307 

.20461 

.342 

.23737 

.238 

.  14324 

.273 

.17376 

.308 

.20553 

.343 

.23832 

.239 

.  14409 

.274 

.  17465 

.309 

.20645 

.344 

.23927 

.240 

.  14495 

.275 

.  17554 

.310 

.20738 

.345 

.  24022 

.241 

.  14580 

.276 

.  17644 

.311 

.20830 

.346 

.24117 

.242 

.  14666 

.277 

.17733 

.312 

.  20923 

.374 

.24212 

.243 

.14751 

.278 

.  17823 

.313 

.21016 

.348 

.24307 

.244 

.  14837 

.279 

.17912 

.314 

.21108 

.349 

.24403 

.245 

.  14923 

.280 

.  18002 

.315 

.21201 

.350 

.  24498 

.246 

.  15009 

.281 

.  18092 

.316 

.21294 

.351 

.  24594 

.247 

.  15095 

.282 

.  18182 

.317 

.21387 

.352 

.24689 

.248 

.15182 

.283 

.  18272 

.318 

.21480 

.353 

.  24785 

.249 

.  15268 

.284 

.  18362 

.319 

.21573 

.354 

.  24880 

.250 

.  15355 

.285 

.  18452 

.320 

.21667 

.355 

.24976 

.251 

.  15441 

.286 

.  18543 

.321 

.21760 

.356 

.25072 

.252 

.  15528 

.287 

.  18633 

.322 

.21853 

.357 

.25167 

.253 

.15615 

.288 

.  18724 

.323 

.21947 

.358 

.25263 

.254 

.  15702 

.289 

.18814 

.324 

.  22040 

.359 

.  25359 

.255 

.  15789 

.290 

.  18905 

.325 

.22134 

.360 

.25455 

CALIBRATION  OF  STORAGE  TANKS 


153 


h 
d 

Coefficient 

h 
~d 

Coefficient 

h 

d 

Coefficient 

Coefficient 
d 

.361 

.25551 

.396 

.28945 

.431 

.32392 

.466 

.35873 

.362 

.25647 

.397 

.29043 

.432 

.32491 

.467 

.35972 

.363 

.25743 

.398 

.29141 

.433 

.32590 

.468 

.36072 

.364 

.25840 

.399 

.29239 

.434 

.32689 

.469 

.36172 

.365 

.25936 

.400 

.29337 

.435 

.32788 

.470 

.36272 

.366 

.26032 

.401 

.29435 

.436 

.32887 

.471 

.36372 

.367 

.26129 

.402 

.29533 

.437 

.32987 

.472 

.36471 

.368 

.26225 

.403 

.29631 

.438 

.33086 

.473 

.36571  . 

.369 

.26321 

.404 

.29729 

.439 

.33185 

.474 

.36671 

.370 

.26418 

.405 

.29827 

.440 

.33284 

.475 

.36771 

.371 

.26515 

.406 

.29926 

.441 

.33384 

.476 

.36871 

.372 

.26611 

.407 

.30024 

.442 

.33483 

.477 

.36971 

.373 

.26708 

.408 

.30122 

.443 

.33582 

.478 

.37071 

.374 

.26805 

.409 

.30220 

.444 

.33682 

.479 

.37171 

.375 

.26901 

.410 

.30319 

.445 

.33781 

.480 

.37270 

.376 

.26998 

.411 

.30417 

.446 

.33880 

.481 

.37370 

.377 

.27095 

.412 

.30516 

.447 

.33980 

.482 

.37470 

.378 

.27192 

.413 

.30614 

.448 

.34079 

.483 

.37570 

.379 

.27289 

.414 

.30713 

.449 

.34179 

.484 

.37670 

.380 

.27386 

.415 

.30811 

.450 

.34278 

.485 

.37770 

.381 

.27483 

.416 

.30910 

.451 

.34378 

.486 

.37870 

.382 

.27580 

.417 

.31008 

.452 

.34477 

.487 

.37970 

.383 

.27678 

.418 

.31107 

.453 

.34577 

.488 

.38070 

.384 

.27775 

.419 

.31206 

.454 

.34676 

.489 

.38170 

.385 

.27872 

.420 

.31304 

.455 

.34776 

.490 

.38270 

.386 

.27970 

.421 

.31403 

.456 

.34876 

.491 

.38370 

.387 

.28067 

.422 

.31502 

.457 

.34975 

.492 

.38470 

.388 

.28164 

.423 

.31601 

.458 

.35075 

.493 

.38570 

.389 

.28262 

.424 

.31699 

.459 

.35175 

.494 

.38670 

.390 

'  .28359 

.425 

.31798 

.460 

.35274 

.495 

.38770 

.391 

.28457 

.426 

.31897 

.461 

.35374 

.496 

.38870 

.392 

.28555 

.427 

.31996 

.462 

.35474 

.497 

.38970 

.393 

.28652 

.428 

.32095 

.463 

.35573 

.498 

.39070 

.394 

.28750 

.429 

.32194 

.464 

.35673 

.499 

.39170 

.395 

.28848 

.430 

.32293 

.465 

.35773 

.500 

.39270 

154  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Determination  of  Vol.  B 

Calculate  the  height  of  the  portion  of  the  spherical  segment 
as  a  decimal  fraction  of  the  diameter  of  the  tank  H) .     Consult 


.05 
.10 
.15 
.20 
.25 
.30 
.35 
.40 
.45 
.50 


the  following  table  and  find   the 
Coefficient         corresponding  coefficient  or  inter- 
polate to  find  the  approximate  co- 

.00017  efficient  if  necessary. 

.00085 

.00221  Vol.  B  =  (Coefficient)  X  (Cube  of 

00420  diameter) 

.00687 

•  01048  If  the  tank  is  filled  to  over  one- 

half,   calculate  the  volume  of  the 
02234  empty  space  and  deduct  this  from 

02697  the  total  capacity  of  the  bumped 


end. 


Then  Vol.  B  =  (Total  capacity  of  bumped  end)  — 

(Volume  of  empty  space)  . 

Determination  of  Total  Capacity 

Calculate  one-half  the  volume  of  the  tank  by  the  previous 
methods.     Double  this  result  which  gives  the  total  capacity. 
Or  Vol.  A  =  (Square  of  diameter)  X  (0.7854)  X  (Length  of  tank) 

Vol.  B  =  0.5236  X  h(3a2  +  h2). 
Where    a  =  radius  of  base  of  segment 
h  =  height  of  segment 
r  =  radius  of  sphere 

The  height  of  the  segment  can  better  be   calculated   than 
measured. 

If        h  =  height  of  segment 
R  =  radius  of  sphere 
r  =  radius  of  base  of  segment 
h  =  R  - 


Total  capacity  =  Vol.  A  +  2  Vol.  B. 

Cubic  feet  X  7.48  =  gallons 


MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


155 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OP  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE 
AND  CUBE  ROOTS 


» 

x/» 

O 

n*- 

XT 

• 

n1 

n» 

\AT 

^T 

1.0 

3.142 

0.7854 

1.  000 

1.000 

1.0000 

.0000 

1.1 

3.456 

0.9503 

1.210 

1.331 

1.0488 

.0323 

1.2 

3.770 

1.1310 

1.440 

1.728 

1.0955 

.0627 

1.3 

4.084 

1.3273 

1.690 

2.197 

1  .  1402 

.0914 

1.4 

4.398 

1.5394 

1.960 

2.744 

1.1832 

.1187 

1.5 

4.712 

1.7672 

2.250 

3.375 

1.2247 

.1447 

1.6 

5.027 

2.0106 

2.560 

4.096 

1.2649 

.1696 

1.7 

5.341 

2.2698 

2.890 

4.913 

1.3038 

.1935 

1.8 

5.655 

2.5447 

3.240 

5.832 

.3416 

.2164 

1.9 

5.969 

2.8353 

3.610 

6.859 

.3784 

.2386 

2.0 

6.283 

3.1416 

4.000 

8.000 

.4142 

1.2599 

2.1 

6.597 

3.4636 

4.410 

9.261 

.4491 

1.2806 

2.2 

6.912 

3.8013 

4.840 

10.648 

.4832 

1.3006 

2.3 

7.226 

4.1548 

5.290 

12.167 

.5166 

1.3200 

2.4 

7.540 

4.5239 

5.760 

13.824 

.5492 

1.3389 

2.5 

7.854 

4.9087 

6.250 

15.625 

.5811 

1.3572 

2.6 

8.168 

5.3093 

6.760 

17.576 

.6125 

1.3751 

2.7 

8.482 

5.7256 

7.290 

19.683 

.6432 

1.3925 

2.8 

8.797 

6.1575 

7:840 

21  .  952 

.6733 

1.4095 

2.9 

9.111 

6.6052 

8.410 

24.389 

.7029 

1.4260 

3.0 

9.425 

7.0686 

9.00 

27.000 

.7321 

1.4422 

3.1 

9.739 

7.5477 

9.61 

29.791 

.7607 

.4581 

3.2 

10.053 

8.0425 

10.24 

32.768 

.7889 

.4736 

3.3 

10.367 

8.5530 

10.89 

35.937 

.8166 

.4888 

3.4 

10.681 

9.0792 

11.56 

39.304 

.8439 

.5037 

3.5 

10.996 

9.6211 

12.25 

42.875 

1.8708 

.5183 

3.6 

11.310 

10.179 

12.96 

46.656 

.8974 

.5326 

3.7 

11.624 

10.752 

13.69 

50.653 

.9235 

.5467 

3.8 

11.938 

11.341 

14.44 

54.872 

.9494 

.5605 

3.9 

12.252 

11.946 

15.21 

59.319 

.9748 

.5741 

156 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued} 


n 

•m 

O 

n2 
»  4 

• 

n2 

n» 

Vn 

j/n 

4.0 

12.566 

12.566 

16.00 

64.000 

2.0000 

1.5874 

4.1 

12.881 

13  .  203 

16.81 

68.921 

2.0249 

1  .  6005 

4.2 

13  195 

13.854 

17.64 

74.088 

2.0494 

1.6134 

4.3 

13  .  509 

14.522 

18.49 

79.507 

2.0736 

1.6261 

4.4 

13.823 

15  .  205 

19.36 

85.184 

2.0976 

1.6386 

4.5 

14.137 

15.904 

20.25 

91.125 

2.1213 

1.6510 

4.6 

14.451 

16.619 

21.16 

97  .  336 

2.1448 

1.6631 

4.7 

14.765 

17.349 

22.09 

103.823 

2.1680 

1.6751 

4.8 

15.080 

18.096 

23.04 

110.592 

2.1909 

1  .  6869 

4.9 

15.394 

18.857 

24.01 

117.649 

2.2136 

1.6985 

5.0 

15.708 

19.635 

25.00 

125.000 

2.2361 

1.7100 

5.1 

16.022 

20.428 

26.01 

132  .  651 

2.2583 

1  .  7213 

5.2 

16.336 

21.237 

27.04 

140.608 

2.2804 

1.7325 

5.3 

16.650 

22.062 

28.09 

148.877 

2.3022 

1  .  7435 

5.4 

16.965 

22.902 

29.16 

157.464 

2.3238 

1.7544 

5.5 

17.279 

23.758 

30.25 

166.375 

2.3452 

1.7652 

5.6 

17.593 

24  .  630 

31.36 

175.616 

2.3664 

1  .  7758 

5.7 

17.907 

25.518 

32.49 

185.193 

2.3875 

1.7863 

5.8 

18.221 

26.421 

33.64 

195.112 

2.4083 

1.7967 

5.9 

18.535 

27.340 

34.81 

205.379 

2.4290 

1  .  8070 

6.0 

18.850 

28.274 

36.00 

216.000 

2.4495 

1.8171 

6.1 

19.164 

29.225 

37.21 

226.981 

2.4698 

1.8272 

6.2 

19.478 

30.191 

38.44 

238.328 

2.4900 

1  .  8371 

6.3 

19.792 

31  .  173 

39.69 

250  .  047 

2.5100 

1.8469 

6.4 

20.106 

32.170 

40.96 

262.144 

2.5298 

1.8566 

6.5 

20.420 

33.183 

42.25 

274.625 

2.5495 

1.8663 

6.6 

20.735 

34.212 

43.56 

287  .  496 

2.5691 

1.8758 

6.7 

21.049 

35.257 

44.89 

300.763 

2.5884 

1.8852 

6.8 

21.363 

36.317 

46.24 

314.432 

2  .  6077 

1.8945 

6.9 

21.677 

37.393 

47.61 

328.509 

2.6268  i  1.9038 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


157 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


It 

»-n 

0 

n^ 

TT 

•  . 

n- 

n» 

Vn 

^T 

7.0 

21.991 

38.485 

49.00 

343.000 

2.6458 

.9129 

7.1 

22.305 

39.592 

50.41 

357.911 

2.6646 

.9920 

7.2 

22.619 

40.715 

51.84 

373  .  248 

2.6833 

.9310 

7.3 

22.934 

41.854 

53.29 

389  .  017 

2.7019 

.9399 

7.4 

23.248 

43.008 

54.76 

405.224 

2.7203 

.9487 

7.5 

23.562 

44.179 

56.25 

421.875 

2.7386 

1.9574 

7.6 

23.876 

45.365 

47.76 

438.976 

2.7568 

1.9661 

7.7 

24.190 

46.566 

59.29 

456.533 

2.7749 

1.9747 

7.8 

24.504 

47.784 

60.84 

474.552 

2.7929 

1.9832 

7.9 

24.819 

49.017 

62.41 

493.039 

2  .  8107 

1.9916 

8.0 

25.133 

50.266 

64.00 

512.000 

2.8284 

2.0000 

8.1 

25.447 

51.530 

65.61 

531.441 

2.8461 

2.0083 

8.2 

25.761 

52.810 

67.24 

551.368 

2.8636 

2.0165 

8.3 

26.075 

54.106 

68.89 

571  .  787 

2.8810 

2.0247 

8.4 

26.389 

55.418 

70.56 

592  .  704 

2.8983 

2.0328 

8.5 

26.704 

56.745 

72.25 

614.125 

2.9155 

2.0408 

8.6 

27.018 

58.088 

73.96 

636.056 

2.9326 

2.0488 

8.7 

27.332 

59.447 

75.69 

658.503 

2.9496 

2.0567 

8.8 

27.646 

60.821 

77.44 

681  .  472 

2.9665 

2.0646 

8.9 

27.960 

62.211 

79.21 

704.969 

2.9833 

2.0724 

9.0 

28.274 

63.617 

81.00 

729.000 

3.0000 

2.0801 

9.1 

28.588 

65.039 

82.81 

753.571 

£.0166 

2.0878 

9.2 

28.903 

66.476 

84.64 

778.688 

3.0332 

2.0954 

9.3 

29.217 

67.929 

86.49 

804  .  357 

3.0496 

2.1029 

9.4 

29.531 

69.398 

88.36 

830.584 

3.0659 

2.1105 

9.5 

29.845 

70.882 

90.25 

857.375 

3.0822 

2.1179 

9.6 

30.159 

72.382 

92.16 

884  .  736 

3.0984 

2.1253 

9.7 

30.473 

73.898 

94.09 

912.673 

3.1145 

2.1327 

9.8 

30.788 

75.430 

96.04 

941  .  192 

3.1305 

2.1400 

9.9 

31.102 

76.977 

98.01 

970.299 

3.1464 

2.1472 

158 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OP  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued] 


n 

TT/l 
O 

n- 

% 

«2 

ns 

Vn 

^n 

10.0 

31.416 

78.540 

100.00 

1,000.000 

3.1623 

2.1544 

10.1 

31  .  730 

80.119 

102.01 

1,030.301 

3.1780 

2.1616 

10.2 

32.044 

81.713 

104.04 

1,061.208 

3.1937 

2.1687 

10.3 

32.358 

83.323 

106.09 

1,092.727 

3.2094 

2.1757 

10.4 

32.673 

84.949 

108.16 

1,124.864 

3.2249 

2.1828 

10.5 

32.987 

86.590 

110.25 

1,157.625 

3.2404 

2.1897 

10.6 

33^301 

88.247 

112.36 

,191.016 

3.2558 

2.1967 

10.7 

33.615 

89.920 

114.49 

,225  .  043 

3.2711 

2.2036 

10.8 

33.929 

91  .  609 

116.64 

,259.712 

3.2863 

2.2104 

10.9 

34.243 

93.313 

118.81 

,295.029 

3.3015 

2.2172 

11.0 

34.558 

95.033 

121.00 

,331.000 

3.3166 

2.2239 

11.1 

34.872 

96.769 

123.21 

,367.631 

3.3317 

2.2307 

11.2 

35.186 

98.520 

125.44 

,404.928 

3.3466 

2.2374 

11.3 

35.500 

100.29 

127.69 

,442.897 

3.3615 

2.2441 

11.4 

35.814 

102.07 

129.96 

,481.544 

3.3754 

2.2506 

11.5 

36.128 

103.87 

132.25 

,520.875 

3.3912 

2.2572 

11.6 

36.442 

105.68 

134.56 

,560.896 

3.4059 

2.2637 

11.7 

36.757 

107.51 

136.89 

,601.613 

3.4205 

2.2702 

11.8 

37.071 

109.36 

139.24 

,643.032 

3.4351 

2.2766 

11.9 

37.385 

111.22 

141.61 

,685.159 

3.4496 

2.2831 

12.0 

37.699 

113.10 

144.00 

,728.000 

3.4641 

2.2894 

12.1 

38.013 

114.99 

146.41 

,771.561 

3.4785 

2.2957 

12.2 

38.327 

116.90 

148  .  84 

,815.848 

3.4928 

2.3021 

12.3 

38.642 

118.82 

151.29 

,860.867 

3.5071 

2.3084 

12.4 

38.956 

120.76 

153.76 

,906.624 

3.5214 

2.3146 

12.5 

39.270 

122.72 

156.25 

1,953.125 

3.5355 

2.3208 

12.6 

39.584 

124.69 

158.76 

2,000.376 

3.5496 

2.3270 

12.7 

39.898 

126.68 

161.29 

2,048  .  383 

3  .  5637 

2.3331 

12.8 

40.212 

128.68 

163.84 

2,097.152 

3.5777 

2.3392 

12.9 

40.527 

130.70 

166.41 

2,146.689 

3.5917 

2.3453 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


159 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued] 


n 

irn 

o 

n* 

TT 

• 

n» 

n< 

v^T 

^T 

i 

13.0 

40.841 

132.73 

169.00 

2,197.000 

3.6056 

2.3513 

13.1 

41.155 

134.78 

171.61 

2,248.091 

3.6194 

2.3573 

13.2 

41.469 

136.85 

174.24 

2,299.968 

3.6332 

2.3633 

13.3 

41  .  783 

138.93 

176.89 

2,352.637 

3.6469 

2.3693 

13.4 

42.097 

141.03 

179.56 

2,406  .  104 

3.6606 

2.3752 

13.5 

42.412 

143.14 

182.25 

2,460.375 

3.6742 

2.3811 

13.6 

42.726 

145.27 

184.96 

2,515.456 

3.6878 

2.3870 

13.7 

43  .  040 

147.41 

187.69 

2,571.353 

3.7013 

2.3928 

13.8 

43.354 

149.57 

190.44 

2,628.072 

3.7148 

2.3986 

13.9 

43.668 

151.75 

193.21 

2,685.619 

3.7283 

2.4044 

14.0 

43.892 

153.94 

196.00 

2,744.000 

3.7417 

2.4101 

14.1 

44.296 

156.15 

198.81 

2,803.221 

3.7550 

2.4159 

14.2 

44.611 

158.37 

201.64 

2,863  .  288 

3.7683 

2.4216 

14.3 

44.925 

160.61 

204.49 

2,924.207 

3.7815 

2.4272 

14.4 

45.239 

162.86 

207.36 

2,985.984 

3.7947 

2.4329 

14.5 

45.553 

165.13 

210.25 

3,048.625 

3.8079 

2.4385 

14.6 

45.867 

167.42 

213.16 

3,112.136 

3.8210 

2.4441 

14.7 

46.181 

169.72 

216.09 

3,176.523 

3.8341 

2.4497 

14.8 

46.496 

172.03 

219.04 

3,241.792 

3.8471 

2.4552 

14.9 

46.810 

174.37 

222.01 

3,307.949 

3.8600 

2.4607 

15.0 

47.124 

176.72 

225.00 

3,375.000 

3.8730 

2.4662 

15.1 

47.438 

179.08 

228.09 

3,442.951 

3.8859 

2.4717 

15.2 

47  .  752 

181.46 

231.04 

3,511.808 

3.8987 

2.4772 

15.3 

48.066 

183.85 

234.09 

3,581.577 

3.9115 

2.4825 

15.4 

48.381 

186.27 

237.16 

3,652.264 

3.9243 

2.4879 

15.5 

48.695 

188.69 

240.25 

3,723.875 

3.9370 

2.4933 

15.6 

49.009 

191.13 

243.36 

3,796.416 

3.9497 

2.4986 

15.7 

49.323 

193.59 

246.49 

3,869  .  893 

3.9623 

2.5039 

15.8 

49.637 

196  .  07 

249.64 

3,944.312 

3.9749 

2.5092 

15.9 

49.951 

198.56 

252.81 

4,019.679 

3.9875 

2.5146 

160 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n 

•xn 
0 

n2 

• 

n2 

n3 

Vn 

^ 

16.0 

50.265 

201.06 

256.00 

4,096.000 

4.0000 

2.5198 

16.1 

50.580 

203.58 

259.21 

4,173.281 

4.0125 

2.5251 

16.2 

50.894 

206.13 

262.44 

4,251.528 

4.0249 

2.5303 

16.3 

51  .  208 

208.67 

265  .  69 

4,330.747 

4.0373 

2.5355 

16.4 

51  .  522 

211.24 

268.56 

4,410.944 

4.0497 

2.5406 

16.5 

51.836 

213.83 

272.25 

4,492  .  125 

4.0620 

2.5458 

16.6 

52.150 

216.42 

275.56 

4,574.296 

4.0743 

2.5509 

16.7 

52.465 

219.04 

278.89 

4,657.463 

4.0866 

2.5561 

16.8 

52.779 

221.67 

282.24 

4,741.632 

4.0988 

2.5612 

16.9 

53  .  093 

224.32 

285.61 

4,826.809 

4.1110 

2.5663 

17.0 

53  .  407 

226.98 

299.00 

4,913.000 

4.1231 

2.5713 

17.1 

53.721 

229  .  66 

292.41 

5,000.211 

4.1352 

2.5763 

17.2 

54.035 

232.35 

295.84 

5,088.448 

4.1473 

2.5813 

17.3 

54.350 

235.06 

299.29 

5,177.717 

4.1593 

2.5863 

17.4 

54  .  664 

237  .  79 

302.76 

5,268.024 

4.1713 

2.5913 

17.5 

54.978 

240.53 

306.25 

5,359.375 

4.1833 

2.5963 

17.6 

55.292 

243.29 

309.76 

5,451.776 

4.1952 

2.6012 

17.7 

55.606 

246.06 

313.29 

5,545.233 

4.2071 

2.6061 

17.8 

55.920 

248.85 

316.84 

5,639.752 

4.2190 

2.6109 

17.9 

56.235 

251  .  65 

320.41 

5,735.339 

4.2308 

2.6158 

18.0 

56.549 

254.47 

324.00 

5,832.000 

4.2426 

2.6207 

18.1 

56.863 

257.30 

327.61 

5,929  .  741 

4.2544 

2.6258 

18.2 

57.177 

260  .  16 

331.24 

6,028.568 

4.2661 

2.6304 

18.3 

57.491 

263  .  02 

334.89 

6,128.487 

4.2778 

2.6352 

18.4 

57.805 

265.90 

338.56 

6,229.504 

4.2895 

2.6400 

18.5 

58.119 

268.80 

342.25 

6,331.625 

4.3012 

2.6448 

18.6 

58.434 

271.72 

345.96 

6,434.856 

4.3128 

2.6495 

18.7 

58.748 

274.65 

349.69 

6,539.203 

4.3243 

2.6543 

18.8 

59.062 

277  .  59 

353  .  44 

6,644.672 

4.3459 

2  .  6590 

18.9 

59.376 

280.55 

357.21 

6,751.269 

4.3474 

2.6637 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


161 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n 

TTH 
O 

»2 

TT 

n2 

7i3 

\AT 

^ 

19.0 

59.690 

283.53 

361  .  00 

6,859.000 

4.3589 

2.6684 

19.1 

60.004 

286.52 

364.81 

6,967.871 

4.3703 

2.6731 

19.2 

60.319 

289.53 

368.64 

7,077.888 

4.3818 

2.6777 

19.3 

60.633 

292.55 

372.49 

7,189.057 

4.3942 

2.6824 

19.4 

60.947 

295.59 

376.36 

7,301.384 

4.4045 

2.6869 

19.5 

61.261 

298.65 

380.25 

7,414.875 

4.4159 

2.6916 

19.6 

61.575 

301  .  72 

284  .  16 

7,529.536 

4.4272 

2.6962 

19.7 

61.889 

304.81 

388.09 

7,642.373 

4.4385 

2.7008 

19.8 

62.204 

307.91 

392.04 

7,762.392 

4.4497 

2.7053 

19.9 

62.518 

311.03 

396.01 

7,880.599 

4.4609 

2.7098 

20.0 

62.832 

314.16 

400.00 

8,000.000 

4.4721 

2.7144 

20.1 

63.146 

317.31 

404.01 

8,120.601 

4.4833 

2.7189 

20.2 

63.460 

320.47 

408.04 

8,242.408 

4.4944 

2.7234 

20.3 

63.774 

323.66 

412.09 

8,365.427 

4.5055 

2.7279 

20.4 

64.088 

326.85 

416.16 

8,489.664 

4.5166 

2.7324 

20.5 

64.403 

330.06 

420.25 

8,615.125 

4.5277 

2.7368 

20.6 

64.717 

333.29 

424.36 

8,741.816 

4.5387 

2.7413 

20.7 

65.031 

336.54 

428.49 

8,869.743 

4.5497 

2.7457 

20.8 

65.345 

339.80 

432.64 

8,998.912 

4.5607 

2.7502 

20.9 

65.659 

343.07 

436.81 

9,129.329 

4.5716 

2.7545 

21.0 

65.973 

346.36 

441.00 

9,261.000 

4.5826 

2.7589 

21.1 

66.288 

349.67 

445.21 

9,393.931 

4.5935 

2.7633 

21.2 

66.602 

352.99 

449.44 

9,528.128 

4.6043 

2.7676 

21.3 

66.916 

356.33 

453.69 

9,663.597 

4.6152 

2.7720 

21.4 

67.230 

359.68 

457.96 

9,800.344 

4.6260 

2.7763 

21.5 

67.544 

363.05 

462.25 

9,938.375 

4.6368 

2.7806 

21.6 

67.858 

366.44 

466.56 

10,077.696 

4.6476 

2.7849 

21.7 

68.173 

369.84 

470.89 

10,218.313 

4.6583 

2.7893 

21.8 

68.487 

373.25 

475.24 

10,360.232 

4.  -6690 

2.7935 

21.9 

68.801 

376.69 

479.41 

10,503.459 

4  .  6797 

2.7978 

11 


162 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n 

irn 

o 

n2 
"T 

7l2 

n» 

vv 

#n 

22.0 

69.115 

380.13 

484.00 

10,648.000 

4.6904 

2.8021 

22.1 

69.429 

383.60 

488.41 

10,793.861 

4.7011 

2  .  8063 

22.2 

69.743 

387.08 

462.84 

10,941.048 

4.7117 

2.8105 

22.3 

70.058 

390.57 

497.29 

11,089.567 

4.7223 

2.8147 

22.4 

70.372 

394.08 

501.76 

11,239.424 

4.7329 

2.8189 

22.5 

70.686 

397.61 

506.25 

11,390.625 

4.7434 

2.8231 

22.6 

71.000 

401  .  15 

510.76 

11,543.176 

4.7539 

2.8273 

22.7 

71.314 

404.71 

515.29 

11,697.083 

4.7644 

2.8314 

22.8 

71.628 

408.28 

519.84 

11,852.352 

4.7749 

2.8356 

22.9 

71  .  942 

411.87 

524.41 

12,008.989 

4.7854 

2.8397 

23.0 

72.257 

415.48 

529.00 

12,167.000 

4.7958 

2.8438 

23.1 

72.571 

419.10 

533.61 

12,326.391 

4.8062 

2  .  8479 

23.2 

72.885 

422.73 

538.24 

12,487.168 

4.8166 

2.8521 

23.3 

73.199 

426.39 

542.89 

12,649.337 

4.8270 

2.8562 

23.4 

73.513 

430.05 

547.56 

12,812.904 

4.8373 

2.8603 

23.5 

73.827 

433.74 

552.25 

12,977.875 

4.8477 

2.8643 

23.6 

74.142 

437.44 

556.96 

13,144.256 

4.8580 

2.8684 

23.7 

74.456 

441.15 

561.69 

13,312.053 

4.8683 

2.8724 

23.8 

74.770 

444.88 

566.44 

13,481.272 

4.8785 

2.8765 

23.9 

75.084 

448.63 

571.21 

13,651.919 

4.8888 

2.8805 

24.0 

75.398 

452.39 

576.00 

13,824.000 

4.8990 

2.8845 

24.1 

75.712 

456.17 

580.81 

13,997.521 

4.9092 

2.8885 

24.2 

76.027 

459.96 

585.64 

14,172.488 

4.9192 

2.8925 

24.3 

76.341 

463.77 

590.49 

14,348.907 

4.9295 

2.8965 

24.4 

76.655 

467.60 

595.36 

14,526.784 

4.9396 

2.9004 

24.5 

76.969 

471.44 

600.25 

14,706.125 

4.9497 

2.9044 

24.6 

77.283 

475.29 

605.16 

14,886.936 

4.9598 

2.9083 

24.7 

77.597 

479.16 

610.09 

15,069.223 

4.9699 

2.9123 

24.8 

77.911 

483.05 

615.04 

15,252.992 

4.9799 

2.9162 

24.9 

78.226 

486.96 

620.01 

15,438.249 

4.9899 

2.9201 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


163 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n 

n* 

o           V 

n» 

v^T 

^ 

25.0 

78  540 

490.87 

625.00 

15,625.000 

5.0000 

2.9241 

25.1 

78.854 

494.81 

630.01 

15,813.251 

5.0099 

2.9279 

25.2 

79.168 

498.76 

635.04 

16,003.008 

5.0199 

2.9318 

25.3 

79.482 

502.73 

640.09 

16,194.277 

5.0299 

2.9356 

25.4 

79.796 

506.71 

645.16 

16,387.064 

5.0398 

2.9395 

25.5 

80.111 

510.71 

650.25 

16,581.375 

5.0497 

2.9434 

25.6 

80.425 

514.72 

655.36 

16,777.216 

5.0596 

2.9472 

25.7 

80.739 

518.75 

660.49 

16,974.593 

5.0695 

2.9510 

25.8 

81.053 

522.79 

665.64 

17,173.512 

5.0793 

2.9549 

25.9 

81.367 

526.85 

670.81 

17,373.979 

5.0892 

2.9586 

26.0 

81.681 

530.93 

676.00 

17,576.000 

5.0990 

2.9624 

26.1 

81.996 

535.02 

681.21 

17,779.581 

5.1088 

2.9662 

26.2 

82.310 

539.13 

686.44 

17,984.728 

5.1185 

2.9701 

26.3 

82.624 

543.25 

691  .  69 

18,191.447 

5.1283 

2.9738 

26.4 

82.938 

547.39 

696.96 

18,399.744 

5.1380 

2.9776 

26.5 

83.252 

551.55 

702.25 

18,609.625 

5.1478 

2.9814 

26.6 

83.566 

555.72 

707.56 

18,821.096 

5.1575 

2.9851 

26.7 

83.881 

559.90 

712.89 

19,034.163 

5.1672 

2.9888 

26.8 

84.195 

564.10 

718.24 

19,248.832 

5.1768 

2.9926 

26.9 

84.509 

568.32 

723.61 

19,465.109 

5.1865 

2.9963 

27.0 

84.823 

572.56 

729.00 

19,683.000 

5.1962 

3.0000 

27.1 

85.137 

576.80 

734.41 

19,902.511 

5.2057 

3.0037 

27.2 

85.451 

581.07 

739.84 

20,123.648 

5.2153 

3.0074 

27.3 

85.765 

585.35 

745.29 

20,346.417 

5.2249 

3.0111 

27.4 

86.080 

589.65 

750.76 

20,570.824 

5.2345 

3.0147 

27.5 

86.394 

593.96 

756.25 

20,796.875 

5.2440 

3.0184 

27.6 

86.708 

598.29 

761.76 

21,024.576 

5.2535 

3.0221 

27.7 

87.022 

602.63 

767.29 

21,253.933 

5.2630 

3.0257 

27.8 

87.336 

606.99 

772.84 

21,484.952 

5.2725 

3.0293 

27.9 

87.650 

611.36 

778.41 

21,717.639 

5.2820 

3.0330 

164 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued] 


n 

•n-n 

0 

n2 
*  4 

• 

n2 

n^ 

^n 

^T 

28.0 

87.965 

615.75 

784.00 

21,952.000 

5.2915 

3.0366 

28.1 

88.279 

620.16 

789.61 

22,188.041 

5.3009 

3.0402 

28.2 

88.593 

624.58 

795  .  24 

22,425.768 

5.3103 

3.0438 

28.3 

88.907 

629.02 

800.89 

22,665.187 

5.3197 

3.0474 

28.4 

89.221 

633.47 

806.56 

22,906.304 

5.3291 

3.0510 

28.5 

89.535 

637.94 

812.25 

23,149.125 

5.3385 

3.0546 

28.6 

89.850 

642.42 

817.96 

23,393.656 

5.3478 

3.0581 

28.7 

90.164 

646.93 

823.69 

23,639.903 

5.3572 

3.0617 

28.8 

90.478 

651.44 

829.44 

23,887.872 

5.3665 

3.0652 

28.9 

90.792 

655.97 

835.21 

24,137.569 

5.3758 

3.0688 

29.0 

91  .  106 

660.52 

841.00 

24,389.000 

5.3852 

3.0723 

29.1 

91.420 

665.08 

846.81 

24,642.171 

5.3944 

3.0758 

29.2 

91.735 

669.66 

852.64 

24,897.088 

5  .  4037 

3.0794 

29.3 

92.049 

674.26 

858.49 

25,153.757 

5.4129 

3.0829 

29.4 

92.363 

678.87 

864.36 

25,412.184 

5.4221 

3.0864 

29.5 

92.677 

683.49 

870.25 

25,672.375 

5.4313 

3.0899 

29.6 

92.991 

688.13 

876.16 

25,934.336 

5.4405 

3.0934 

29.7 

93  .  305 

692.79 

882.09 

26,198.073 

5.4497 

3.0968 

29.8 

93.619 

697.47 

888.04 

26,463.592 

5  .  4589 

3.1003 

29.9 

93.934 

702.15 

894.01 

26,730.899 

5.4680 

3.1038 

30.0 

94.248 

706.86 

900.00 

27,000.000 

5.4772 

3.1072 

30.1 

94.562 

711.58 

906.01 

27,270.901 

5.4863 

3.1107 

30.2 

94.876 

716.32 

912.04 

27,543.608 

.5.4954- 

3.1141 

30.3 

95.190 

721.07 

918.09 

27,818.127 

5.5045 

3.1176 

30.4 

95.504 

725.83 

924.16 

28,094  .  464 

5.5136- 

3.1210 

30.5 

95.819 

730.62 

930.25 

28,372.625 

5.5226 

3.1244 

30.6 

96.133 

735.42 

936.36 

28,652.616 

5.5317 

3.1278 

30.7 

96.447 

740.23 

942.49 

28,934.443 

5.5407 

3.1312 

30.8 

96.761 

745.06 

948.64 

29,218.112 

5.5497 

3.1346 

30.9 

97.075 

749.91 

954.81 

29,503.629 

5.5587 

3.1380 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


165 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n 

*-n 

O 

n- 

*T 

• 

n* 

n* 

v^ 

^T 

31.0 

97.389 

754.77 

961.00 

29,791.000 

5.5678 

3.1414 

31.1 

97.704 

759.65 

967.21 

30,080.231 

5.5767 

3.1448 

31.2 

98.018 

764.54 

973.44 

30,371.328 

5.5857 

3.1481 

31,3 

98.332 

769.45 

979.69 

30,664.297 

5.5946 

3.1515 

31.4 

98.646 

774.37 

985.96 

30,959.144 

5.6035 

3.1549 

31.5 

98.960 

779.31 

992.25 

31,255.875 

5.6124 

3.1582 

31.6 

99.274 

784:27 

998.56 

31,554.496 

5.6213 

3.1615 

31.7 

99.588 

789.24 

1,004.89 

31,855.013 

5.6302 

3.1648 

31.8 

99.903 

794.23 

1,011.24 

32,157.432 

5.6391 

3.1681 

31.9 

100.22 

799.23 

1,017.61 

32,461.759 

5.6480 

3.1715 

32.0 

100.53 

804.25 

1,024.00 

32,768.000 

5.6569 

3.1748 

32.1 

100.85 

809.28 

1,030.41 

33,076.161 

5.6656 

3.1781 

32.2 

101.16 

814.33 

1,036.84 

33,386.248 

5.6745 

3.1814 

32.3 

101.47 

819.40 

1,043.29 

33,698.267 

5.6833 

3.1847 

32.4 

101.79 

824.49 

1,049.76 

34,012.224 

5.6921 

3.1880 

32.5 

102.10 

829.58 

1,056.25 

34,328.125 

5.7008 

3.1913 

32.6 

102.42 

834.69 

1,062.76 

34,645.976 

5.7056 

3.1945 

32.7 

102.73 

839.82 

1,069.29 

34,965.783 

5.7183 

3.1978 

32.8 

103.04 

844.96 

1,075.84 

35,287.552 

5.7271 

3.2010 

32.9 

103.36 

850.12 

1,082.41 

35,611.289 

5.7358 

3  .  2043 

33.0 

103.67 

855.30 

1,089.00 

35,937.000 

5.7447 

3.2075 

33.1 

103  .  99 

860.49 

1,095.61 

36,264.691 

5.7532 

3.2108 

33.2 

104.30 

865.70 

1,102.24 

36,594.368 

5.7619 

3.2140 

33.3 

104.62 

870.92 

1,108.89 

36,925.037 

5.7706 

3.2172 

33.4 

104.93 

876.19 

1,115.56 

37,259.704 

5.7792 

3.2204 

33.5 

105.24 

881.41 

1,122.25 

37,595.375 

5.7879 

3  .  2237 

33.6 

105.56 

886.68 

1,128.96 

37,933.056 

5.7965 

3.2269 

33.7 

105  .  87 

891  .  97 

1,135.69 

38,272.753 

5.8051 

3  .  2301 

33.8 

106.19 

897.27 

1,142.44 

38,614.472 

5.8137 

3.2332 

33.9 

106.50 

902.59 

1,149.21 

38,958.219 

5.8223 

3.2364 

166 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued} 


n 

irn 

o 

n- 

n- 

n* 

w 

^r 

34.0 

106.81 

907.92 

1,156.00 

39,304.000 

5.8310 

3.2396 

34.1 

107.13 

913.27 

1,162.81 

39,651.821 

5.8395 

3.2424 

34.2 

107.44 

918.63 

1,169.64 

40,001.688 

5.8480 

3.2460 

34.3 

107.76 

924.01 

1,176.49 

40,353.607 

5.8566 

3.2491 

34.4 

108.07 

929.41 

1,183.36 

40,707.584 

5.8751 

3.2522 

34.5 

108.38 

934.82 

1,190.25 

41,063.525 

5.8736 

3.2554 

34.6 

108.70 

940  .  25 

1,197.16 

41,421.736 

5.8821 

3  .  2586 

34.7 

109.01 

945.69 

1,204.09 

41,781.923 

5.8906 

3.2617 

34.8 

109.33 

951.15 

1,211.04 

42,144.192 

5.8991 

3  .  2648 

34.9 

109.64 

956.62 

1,218.01 

42,508.549 

5  .  9076 

3  .  2679 

35.0 

109.96 

962.11 

1,225.00 

42,875.000 

5.9161 

3.2710 

35.1 

110.27 

967  .  62 

1,232.01 

43,243.551 

5  .  9245 

3  .  2742 

35.2 

110.58 

973.14 

1,239.04 

43,614.208 

5.9326 

3.2773 

35.3 

110.90 

978.68 

1,246.09 

43,986.977 

5.9413 

3.2804 

35.4 

111.21 

984.23 

1,253.16 

44,361.864 

5.9497 

3.2835 

35.5 

111.53 

989.80 

1,260.25 

44,738.875 

5.9581 

3.2860 

35.6 

111.84 

995  .  38 

1,267.36 

45,118.016 

5  .  9665 

3.2897 

35.7 

112.15 

1,000.98 

1,274.49 

45,499.293 

5.9749 

3  .  2927 

35.8 

112.47 

,006.60 

1,281.64 

45,882.712 

5.9833 

3.2958 

35.9 

112.78 

,012.23 

1,288.81 

46,268.279 

5.9916 

3.2989 

36.0 

113.10 

,017.88 

1,296.00 

46,656.000 

6.0000 

3.3019 

36.1 

113.41 

,023.54 

1,303.21 

47,045.881 

6.0083 

3.3050 

36.2 

113.73 

,029.22 

1,310.44 

47,437.928 

6.0166 

3  3080 

36.3 

114.04 

,034.91 

1,317.69 

47,832.147 

6.0249 

3.31H 

36.4 

114.35 

1,040.62 

1,324.96 

48,228.544 

6.0332 

3.3141 

36.5 

114.67 

1,046.35 

1,332.25 

48,627.125 

6.0415 

3.3171 

36.6 

114.98 

1,052.09 

1,339.56 

49,017.896 

6.0497 

3.3202 

36.7 

115.30 

1,057.84 

1,346.89 

49,430.863 

6.0580 

3.3232 

36.8 

115.61 

1,053.62 

1,354.24 

49,836.032 

6.0363 

3  .  3262 

36.9 

115.92 

1,069.41 

1,361.61 

50,243.409 

6.0745 

3.3292 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


167 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n- 

irn                  IT  -r 
J 

n- 

n» 

\AT 

^T 

37.0        116.24 

1,075.21 

1,369.00 

50,653.000 

6.0827 

3.3322 

37.1 

116.55 

1,081.03 

1,376.41 

51,064.811 

6.0909 

3.3352 

37.2 

116.87 

1,086.87 

1,383.84 

51,478.848 

6.0991 

3.3382 

37.3 

117.18 

1,092.72 

1,391.29 

51,895.117 

6.1073 

3.3412 

37.4 

117.50 

1,098.58 

1,398.76 

52,313.624 

6.1155 

3.3442 

37.5 

117.81 

1,104.47 

1,406.25 

52,734.375 

6.1237 

3.3472 

37.6 

118.12 

1,110.36 

1,413.76 

53,157.376 

6.1318 

3.3501 

37.7 

118.44 

1,116.28 

1,421.29 

53,582.633 

6.1400 

3.3531 

37.8 

118.75    1,122.21 

1,428.84 

54,010.152 

6.1481 

3.3561 

37.9 

119.07    1,128.15 

1,436.41 

54,439.939 

6.1563 

3.3590 

38.0 

119.38 

1,134.11 

1,444.00 

54,872.000 

6.1644 

3.3620 

38.1 

119.69 

1,140.09 

1,451.61 

55,306.341 

6.1725 

3  .  3649 

38.2 

120.01 

1,146.08 

1,459.24 

55,742.968 

6.1806      3.3679 

38.3 

120.32 

1,152.09 

1,466.89 

56,181.887 

6.1887 

3.3708 

38.4 

120.64 

1,158.12 

1,474.56 

96,623.104 

6.1967 

3.3737 

38.5 

120.95 

1,164.16 

1,482.25 

57,066.625 

6.2048 

3.3767 

38.6 

121.27 

1,170.21 

1,489.96 

57,512.456 

6.2129 

3.3797 

38.7 

121.58 

1,176.28 

1,497.69 

57,960.603 

6.2209 

3.3825 

38.8 

121.80 

1,182.37 

1,505.44 

58,411.072 

6.2289 

3.3854 

38.9 

122.21 

1,188.47 

1,513.21 

58,863.869 

6.2370 

3  .  3883 

39.0 

122.52 

1,194.59 

1,521.00 

59,319.000 

6.2450 

3.3912 

39.1 

122.84 

1,200.72 

1,528.81 

59,776.471 

6.2530 

3.3941 

39.2 

123.15 

1,206.87 

1,536.64 

60,236.288 

6.2610 

3.3970 

39.3 

123.46 

1,213.04 

1,544.49 

60,698.457 

6.2689 

3.3999 

39.4 

123.78 

1,219.22 

1,552.36 

61,162.984 

6.2769 

3  .  4028 

39.5 

124.09 

1,225.42 

1,560.25 

61,629.875 

6.2849 

3.4056 

39.6 

124.41 

1,231.63 

1,568.16 

62,099.136 

6.2928 

3  .  4085 

39.7 

124.72 

1,237.86 

1,576.09 

62,570.773 

6.3008 

3.4114 

39.8 

125.04 

1,244.10 

1,584.04 

63,044.792 

6.3087 

3.4142 

39.9 

125.35 

1,250.36 

1,592.01 

63,521  .  199 

6.3166 

3.4171 

168 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Contim 


n 

7T7J 

o 

n2 
V^ 

• 

7l2 

n» 

Vn 

JK 

40.0 

125.66 

1,256.64 

1,600.00 

64,000.000 

6.3245 

3.4200 

40.1 

125.98 

1,262.93 

1,608.01 

64,481.201 

6.3325 

3.4228 

40.2 

126.29 

1,269.24 

1,616.04 

64,964.808 

6.3404 

3.4256 

40.3 

126.61 

1,275.56 

1,624.09 

65,450.827 

6.3482 

3.4285 

40.4 

126.92 

1,281.90 

1,632.16 

65,939.264 

6.3561 

3.4313 

40.5 

127.23 

1,288.25 

1,640.25 

66,430.126 

6.3639 

3.4341 

40.6 

127.55 

1,294..  62 

1,648.36 

66,923.416 

6.3718 

3.4370 

40.7 

127.86 

1,301.00 

1,656.49 

67,419.143 

6.3796 

3  .  4398 

40.8 

128.18 

1,307.41 

1,664.64 

67,917.312 

6.3875 

3.4426 

40.9 

128.49 

1,313.82 

1,672.81 

68,417.929 

6.3953 

3.4454 

41.0 

128.81 

1,320.25 

1,681.00 

68,921.000 

6.4031 

3.4482 

41.1 

129.12 

1,326.70 

1,689.21 

69,426.531 

6.4109 

3.4510 

41.2 

129.43 

1,333.17 

1,697.44 

69,934.528 

6.4187 

3  .  4538 

41.3 

129.75 

1,339.65 

1,705.69 

70,444.997 

6.4265 

3.4566 

41.4 

130.06 

1,346.14 

1,713.96 

70,957.944 

6.4343 

3.4594 

41.5 

130.38 

1,352.65 

1,722.25 

71,473.375 

6.4421 

3.4622 

41.6 

130  .  69 

1,359.18 

1,730.56 

71,991.296 

6.4498 

3.4650 

41.7 

131.00 

1,365.72 

1,738.89 

72,511.719 

6.4575 

3  .  4677 

41.8 

131.32 

1,372.28 

1,747.24 

73,034.632 

6.4653 

3.4705 

41.9 

131.63 

1,378.85 

1,755.61 

73,560.059 

6.4730 

3.4733 

42.0 

131.95 

1,385.44 

1,764.00 

74,088.000 

6.4807 

3.4760 

42.1 

132.26 

1,392.05 

,772.41 

74,618.461 

6.4884 

3.4788 

42.2 

132.58 

1,398.67 

,780.84 

75,151.448 

6.4961 

3.4815 

42.3 

132.89 

1,405.31 

,789.29 

75,686.967 

6.5038 

3.4843 

42.4 

133.20 

1,411.96 

,797.76 

76,225.024 

6.5115 

3.4870 

42.5 

133.52 

1,418.63 

,806.25 

76,765.625 

6.5192 

3.4898 

42.6 

133.83 

1,425.31 

,814.76 

77,308.776 

6.5268 

3.4925 

42.7 

134.15 

1,432.01 

,823.29 

77,854.483 

6.5345 

3.4952 

42.8 

134.46 

1,438.72 

,831.84 

78,402.752 

6.5422 

3.4980 

42.9 

134.77 

1,445.45 

,840.45 

78,953.589 

6.5498 

3.5007 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


169 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n 

irti 

o 

n- 

TT 

• 

n* 

H* 

vV 

y; 

43.0 

135.09 

1,452.20 

1,849.00 

79,507.000 

6.5574 

3.5034 

43.1 

135.40 

1,458.96 

1,857.61 

80,062.991 

6.5651 

3.5061 

43.2 

135.72 

1,465.74 

1,866.24 

80,621.568 

6.5727 

3.5088 

43.3 

136.03 

1,472.54 

1,874.89 

81,182.737 

6.5803 

3.5115 

43.4 

136.35 

1,479.34 

1,883.56 

81,746.504 

6.5879 

3.5142 

43.5 

136.66 

,486.17 

1,892.25 

82,312.875 

6.5954 

3.5169 

43.6 

136.97 

,493.01 

1,900.96 

82,881.856 

6.6030 

3.5196 

43.7 

137.29 

,499.87 

1,909.69 

83,453.453 

6.6106 

3  .  5223 

43.8 

137.60 

,506.74 

1,918.44 

84,027.672 

6.6182 

3.5250 

43.9 

137.92 

,513.63 

1,927.21 

84,604.519 

6.6257 

3.5277 

44.0 

138.23 

,520,53 

1,936.00 

85,184.000 

6.6333 

3.5303 

44.1 

138.54 

,527.45 

1,944.81 

85,766.121 

6.6408 

3.5330 

44.2 

138.86 

,534.39 

1,953.64 

86,350.888 

6.6483 

3.5357 

44.3 

139.17 

,541.34 

1,962.49 

86,938.307 

6.6558 

3.5384 

44.4 

139.49 

,541.30 

1,971.36 

87,528.384 

6.6633 

3.5410 

44.5 

139.80 

1,555.28 

1,980.25 

88,121.125 

6.6708 

3.5437 

44.6 

140.12 

1,562.28 

1,989.16 

88,716.536 

6.6783 

3.5463 

44.7 

140.43 

4,569.30 

1,998.09 

89,314.623 

6.6858 

3.5490 

44.8 

140.74 

1,576  ..33 

2,007.04 

89,915.392 

6.6933 

3.5516 

44.9 

141.06 

1,583.37 

2,016.01 

90,518.849 

6.7007 

3.5543 

45.0 

141.37 

1,590.43 

2,025.00 

91,125.000 

6.7082 

3.5569 

45.1 

141.69 

1,597.51 

2,034.01 

91,733.851 

6.7156 

3.5595 

45.2 

142.06 

1,604.60 

2,043.04 

92,345.408 

6.7231 

3.5621 

45.3 

142.31 

1,611.71 

2,052.09 

92,959.677 

6.7305 

3.5648 

45.4 

142.63 

1,618.83 

2,061.16 

93,576.664 

6.7379 

3.5674 

45.5 

142.94 

1,625.97 

2,070.25 

94,196.375 

6.7454 

3.5700 

45.6 

143.26 

1,633.13 

2,079.36 

94,818.816 

6.7528 

3  .  5726 

45.7 

143.57 

1,640.30 

2,088.49 

95,443.993 

6.7602 

3.5752 

45.8 

143.88 

1,647.48 

2,097.64 

96,071.912 

6.7676 

3.5778 

45.9 

144.20 

1,654.68 

2,106.81 

96,702.579 

6.7749 

3.5805 

170 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n 

0* 

n~ 
•"4 

• 

n'1 

n« 

^n 

^V 

46.0 

144.51 

1,661.90 

2,116.00 

97,336.000 

6.7823 

3  .  5830 

46.1 

144.83 

1,669.14 

2,125.21 

97,972.181 

6.7897 

3.5856 

46.2 

145.14 

1,676.39 

2,134.44 

98,611.128 

6.7971 

3.5882 

46.3 

145.46 

1,683.65 

2,143.69 

99,252.847 

6.8044 

3.5908 

46.4 

145.77 

1,690.93 

2,152.96 

99,897.344 

6.8117 

3.5934 

46.5 

146.08 

1,698.23 

2,162.25 

100,544.625 

6.8191 

3  .  5960 

46.6 

146.40 

1,705.54 

2,171.56 

101,194.696 

6.8264 

3.5986 

46.7 

146.71 

1,712.87 

2,180.89  • 

101,847.563 

6.8337 

3.6011 

46.8 

147.03 

1,720.21 

2,190.24 

102,503.232 

6.8410 

3  .  6037 

46.9 

147.34 

1,727.57 

2,199.61 

103,161.709 

6  .  8484 

3  .  6063 

47.0 

147.65 

1,734.94 

2,209.00 

103,823.000 

6.8556 

3.6088 

47.1 

147.97 

1,742.34 

2,218.41 

104,487.111 

6.8629 

3.6114 

47.2 

148.28 

1,749.74 

2,227.84 

105,154.048 

6.8702 

3.6139 

47.3 

148  .  60 

1,757.16 

2,237.29 

105,823.817 

6.8775 

3  .  6165 

47.4 

148.91 

1,764.60 

2,246.76 

106,496.424 

6.8847 

3.6190 

47.5 

149.23 

1,772.05 

2,256.25 

107,171.875 

6.8920 

3.6216 

47.6 

149.54 

1,779.52 

2,265.76 

107,850.176 

6.8993 

3  .  6241 

47.7 

149.85 

1,787.01 

2,275.29 

108,531.333 

6.9065 

3  .  6267 

47.8 

150.17 

1,794.51 

2,284.84 

109,215.352 

6.9137 

3.6292 

47.9 

150.48 

1,802.03 

2,294.41 

109,902.239 

6.9209 

3.6317 

48.0 

150.80 

1,809.56 

2,304.00 

110,592.000 

6.9282 

3.6342 

48.1 

151.11 

1,817.11 

2,313.61 

111,284.641 

6.9354 

3  .  6368 

48.2 

151.42 

1,824.67 

2,323.24 

111,980.168 

6.9426 

3  .  6393 

48.3 

151.74 

1,832.25 

2,332.89 

112,678.587 

6.9498 

3.6418 

48.4 

152.05 

1,839.84 

2,342.56 

113,379.904 

6.9570 

3.6443 

48.5 

152.37 

1,847.45 

2,352.25 

114,084.125 

6.9642 

3.6468 

48.6 

152.68 

1,855.08 

2,361.96 

114,791.256 

6.9714 

3.6493 

48.7 

153.00 

1,862.72 

2,371.69 

115,501.303 

6.9785 

3.6518 

48.8 

153.31 

1,870.38 

2,381.44 

116,214.272 

6  .  9857 

3.6543 

48.9 

153.62 

1,878.05 

2,391.21 

116,930.169 

6.9928 

3.6568 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLE 


171 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Continued) 


n 

n2 
•m                 T  — 

°                    •* 

n* 

n» 

V^ 

V* 

49.0 

153.94 

1,885.74 

2,401.00 

117,649.000 

7.0000 

3.6593 

49.1 

154.25 

1,893.45 

2,410.81 

118,370.771 

7.0071 

3.6618 

49.2 

154  .  57 

1,901.17 

2,420.64 

119,095.488 

7.0143 

3  .  6643 

49.3 

154.88 

1,908.90 

2,430.49 

119,823.157 

7.0214 

3.6668 

.49.4 

155.19 

1,916.65 

2,440.36 

120,553.784 

7.0285 

3.6692 

49.5 

155.51 

1,924.42 

2,450.25 

121,287.375 

7.0356 

3.6717 

49.6 

155.82 

1,932.21 

2,460.16 

122,023.936 

7.0427 

3.6742 

49.7 

156.14 

1,940.00 

2,470.09 

122,763.473 

7.0498 

3.6767 

49.8 

156'.  45 

1,947.82 

2,480.04 

123,505.992 

7.0569 

3.6791 

49.9 

156.77 

1,955.65 

2,490.01 

124,251.499 

7.0640 

3.6816 

50.0 

157.08 

1,963.50 

2,500.00 

125,000.000 

7.0711 

3.6840 

51.0 

160.22 

2,042.82 

2,601.00 

132,651.000 

7.1414 

3.7084 

52.0 

163.36 

2,123.72 

2,704.00 

140,608.000 

7.2111 

3.7325 

53.0 

166.50 

2,206.19 

2,809.00 

148,877.000 

7.2801 

3.7563 

54.0 

169.64 

2,290.22 

2,916.00 

157,464.000 

7.3485 

3.7798 

55.0 

172.78 

2,375.83 

3,025.00 

166,375.000 

7.4162 

3.8030 

56.0 

175.93 

2,463.01 

3,136.00 

175,616.000 

7.4833 

3.8259 

57.0 

179.07 

2,551.76 

3,249.00 

185,193.000 

7.5498 

3.8485 

58.0 

182.21 

2,642.08 

3,364.00 

195,112.000 

7.6158 

3.8709 

59.0 

185.35 

2,733.97 

3,481.00 

205,379.000 

7.6811 

3.8930 

60.0 

188.49 

2,827.44 

3,600.00 

216,000.000 

7.7460 

3.9149 

61.0 

191.63 

2,922.47 

3,721.00 

226,981.000 

7.8102 

3.9365 

62.0 

194.77 

3,019.07 

3,844.00 

238,328.000 

7  .  8740 

3  .  9579 

63.0 

197.92 

3,117.25 

3,969.00 

250,047.000 

7.9373 

3.9791 

64.0 

201.06 

3,216.99 

4,096.00 

262,144.000 

8.0000 

4.0000 

65.0 

204.20 

3,318.31 

4,225.00 

274,625.000 

8.0623 

4.0207 

66.0 

207.34    3,421.20 

4,356.00 

287,496.000 

8.1240 

4.0412 

67.0 

210.48    3,525.66 

4,489.00 

300,763.000 

8.1854 

4.0615 

68.0 

213.63 

3,631.69      4,624.00 

314,432.000 

8.2462      4.0817 

69.0 

216.77 

3,739.29  1    4,761.00 

328,509.000 

8.3066      4.1016 

172 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF  CIRCLES,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  SQUARE  AND 
CUBE  ROOTS — (Concluded) 


n 

•n-n 

o 

7l2 

TT 

• 

n2 

n« 

VV 

VZ 

70.0 

219.91 

3,848.46 

4,900.00 

343,000.000 

8.3666 

4.1213 

71.0 

223.05 

3,959.20 

5,041.00 

357,911.000 

8.4261 

4.1408 

72.0 

226.19 

4,071.51 

5,184.00 

373,248.000 

8.4853 

4.1602 

73.0 

229.33 

4,185.39 

5,329  .  00 

389,017.000 

8.5440 

4.1793 

74.0 

232.47 

4,300.85 

5,476.00 

405,224.000 

8.6023 

4.1983 

75.0 

235.62 

4,417.87 

5,625.00 

421,875.000 

8.6603 

4.2172 

76.0 

238.76 

4,536.47 

5,776.00 

438,976.000 

8.7178 

4.2358 

77.0 

241.90 

4,656.63 

5,929.00 

456,533.000 

8.7750 

4.2543 

78.0 

245.04 

4,778.37 

6,084.00 

474,552.000 

8.8318 

4.2727 

79.0 

248.18 

4,901.68 

6,241.00 

493,039.000 

8.8882 

4.2908 

80.0 

251.32 

5,026.56 

6,400.00 

512,000.000 

8.9443 

4.3089 

81.0 

254.47 

5,153.01 

6,561.00 

531,441.000 

9.0000 

4.3267 

82.0 

257.  6i 

5,281.03 

6,724.00 

551,368.000 

9.0554 

4.3445 

83.0 

260.75 

5,410.62 

6,889.00 

571,787.000 

9.1104 

4.3621 

84.0 

263.89 

5,541.78 

7,056.00 

592,704.000 

9.1652 

4.3795 

85.0 

267.03 

5,674.50 

7,225.00 

614,125.000 

9.2195 

4.3968 

86.0 

270.17 

5,808.81 

7,396.00 

636,056.000 

9.2736 

4.4140 

87.0 

273  .  32 

5,944.69 

7,569  .  00 

658,503.000 

9.3274 

4.4310 

88.0 

276.46 

6,082.13 

7,744.00 

681,472.000 

9.3808 

4.4480 

89.0 

279.60 

6,221.13 

7,921.00 

704,969.000 

9.4330 

4.4647 

90.0 

282.74 

6,361.74 

8,100.00 

729,000.000 

9.4868 

4.4814 

91.0 

285.88 

6,503.89 

8,281.00 

753,571.000 

9.5394 

4.4979 

92.0 

289  .  02 

6,647.62 

8,464.00 

778,688.000 

9.5917 

4.5144 

93.0 

292.17 

6,792.92 

8,649.00 

804,357.000 

9.6437 

4.5307 

94.0 

295.31 

6,939.78 

8,836.00 

830,584.000 

9.6954 

4.5468 

95.0 

298.45 

7,088  .  23 

9,025.00 

857,375.000 

9.7468 

4.5629 

96.0 

301.59 

7,238.24 

9,216.00 

884,736.000 

9.7980 

4.5789 

97.0 

304.73 

7,389.83 

9,409.00 

912,673.000 

9.8489 

4.5947 

98.0 

307.87 

7,542.98 

9,604.00 

941,192.000 

9.8995 

4.6104 

99.0 

311.02 

7,697.68 

9,801.00 

970,299.000 

9.9499 

4.6261 

100.0 

314.16 

7,854.00 

10,000.00 

1,000,000.000 

10.0000 

4.6416 

DECIMALS  OF  A  FOOT 


173 


DECIMALS  OF  A  FOOT  FOB  EACH 


IN. 


Inch 

0  in. 

'I  in. 

2  in. 

3  in. 

4  in.       5  in. 

0 

0 

.0833 

.1667 

.2500 

.3333 

.4167 

K4 

.0013 

.0846 

.1680 

.2513 

.3346 

.4180 

y*2 

.0026 

.0859 

.1693 

.2526 

.3359 

.4193 

%4 

.0039 

.0872 

.1706 

.2539 

.3372 

.4206 

He 

.0052 

.0885 

.1719 

.2552 

.3385 

.4219 

%4 

.0065 

.0898 

.1732 

.2565 

.3398 

.4232 

%2 

.0078 

.0911 

.1745 

.2578 

.3411 

.4245 

K* 

.0091 

.0924 

.1758 

.2591 

.3424 

.4258 

H 

.0104 

.0937 

.1771 

.2604 

.3437 

.4271 

%4 

.0117 

.0951 

.1784 

.2617 

.3451 

.4284 

%2 

.0130 

.0964 

.1797 

.2630 

.3464 

.4297 

iy*4 

.0143 

.0977 

.1810 

.2643 

.3477 

.4310 

•Ke 

.0156 

.0990 

.1823 

.2656 

.3490 

.4323 

^4 

.0169 

.1003 

.1836 

.2669 

.3503 

.4336 

7/ 
>32 

.0182 

.1016 

.1849 

.2682 

.3516 

.4349 

J^4 

.0195 

.1029 

.1862 

.2695 

.3529 

.4362 

>4 

.0208 

.1042 

.1875 

.2708 

.3542 

.4375 

^4 

.0221 

.1055 

.1888 

.2721 

.3555 

.4388 

^2 

.0234 

.1068 

.1901 

.2734 

.3568 

.4401 

J%4 

.0247 

.1081 

.1914 

.2747 

.3581 

.4414 

He 

.0260 

.1094 

.1927 

.2760 

.3594 

.4427 

2^4 

.0273 

.1107 

.1940 

.2773 

.3607 

.4440 

% 

.0286 

.1120 

.1953 

.2786 

.3620 

.4453 

2%4 

.0299 

.1133 

.1966 

.2799 

.3633 

.4466 

% 

.0312 

.1146 

.1979 

.2812 

.3646 

.4479 

2%4 

.0326 

.1159 

.1992 

.2826 

.3659 

.4492 

% 

.0339 

.1172 

.2005 

.2839 

.3672 

.4505 

2%4 

.0352 

.1185 

.2018 

.2852 

.3685 

.4518 

Ke 

.0365 

.1198 

.2031 

.2865 

.3698 

.4531 

2%4 

.0378 

.1211 

.2044 

.2878 

.3711 

.4544 

% 

.0391 

.1224 

.2057 

.2891 

.3724 

.4557 

3^4 

.0404 

.1237 

.2070 

.2904 

.3737 

.4570 

>^ 

.0417 

.1250 

.2083 

.2917 

.3750 

.4583 

174 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


DECIMALS  OF  A  FOOT  FOR  EACH 


IN.  —  (Continued) 


Inch 

6  in. 

7  in. 

8  in. 

9  in. 

10  in. 

11  in. 

0 

.5000 

.5833 

.6667 

.7500 

.8333 

.9167 

^4 

.5013 

.5846 

.6680 

.7513 

.8346 

.9180 

Hs 

.5026 

.5859 

.6693 

.7526 

.8359 

.9193 

%4 

.5039 

.5872 

.6706 

.7539 

.8372 

.9206 

He 

.5052 

.5885 

.6719 

.7552 

.8385 

.9219 

%4 

.5065 

.5898 

.6732 

.7565 

.8398 

.9232 

Hi 

.5078 

.5911 

.6745 

.7578 

.8411 

.9245 

%4 

.5091 

.5924 

.6758 

.7591 

.8424 

.9258 

H 

.5104 

.5937 

.6771 

.7604 

.8437 

.9271 

%4 

.5117 

.5951 

.6784 

.7617 

.8451 

.9284 

H  2 

.5130 

.5964 

.6797 

.7630 

.8464 

.9297 

*H4 

.5143 

.5977 

.6810 

.7643 

.8477 

.9310 

Me 

.5156 

.5990 

.6823 

.7656 

.8490- 

.9323 

*%4 

.5169 

.6003 

.6836 

.7669 

.8503 

.9336 

%2 

.5182 

.6016 

.6849 

.7682 

.8516 

.9349 

X%4 

.5195 

.6029 

.6862 

.7695 

.8529 

.9362 

M 

.5208 

.6042 

.6875 

.7708 

.8542 

.9375 

*%4 

.5221 

.6055 

.6888 

.7721 

.8555 

.9388 

"32 

.5234 

.6068 

.6901 

.7734 

.8568 

.9401 

*%4 

.5247 

.6081 

.6914 

.7747 

.8581 

.9414 

X\ 

.5260 

.6094 

.6927 

.7760 

.8594 

.9427 

2^4 

.5273 

.6107 

.6940 

.7773 

.8607 

.9440 

lHa 

.5286 

.6120 

.6953 

.7786 

.8620 

.9453 

2%4 

.5299 

.6133 

.6966 

.7799 

.8633 

.9466 

H 

.5312 

.6146 

.6979 

.7812 

.8646 

.9479 

2^4 

.5326 

.6159 

.6992 

.7826 

.8659 

.9492 

18J 

.5339 

.6172 

.7005 

.7839 

.8672 

.9505 

2%4 

.5352 

.6185 

.7018 

.7852 

.8685 

.9518 

He 

.5365 

.6198 

.7031 

.7865 

.8698 

.9531 

2%4 

.5378 

.6211 

.7044 

.7878 

.8711 

.9544 

15/S2 

.5391 

.6224 

.7057 

.7891 

.8724 

.9557 

3K4 

.5404 

.6237 

.7070 

.7904 

.8737 

.9570 

H 

.5417 

.6250 

.7083 

.7917 

.8750 

.9583 

DECIMALS  OF  A  FOOT 


175 


DECIMALS  OF  A  FOOT  FOR  EACH  ^4  IN. — (Continued) 


Inch 

0  in. 

1  in. 

2  in. 

3  in. 

4  in. 

5  in. 

3%4 

.0430 

.1263 

.2096 

.2930 

.3763 

.4596 

17,^2 

.0443 

.1276 

.2109 

.2943 

.3776 

.4609 

3^4 

.0456 

.1289 

.2122 

.2956 

.3789 

.4622 

KG 

.0469 

.1302 

.2135 

.2969 

.3802 

.4635 

3%4 

.0482 

.1315 

.2148 

.2982 

.3815 

.4648 

1-Ko 

.0495 

.1328 

.2161 

.2995 

.3828 

.4661 

3%4 

.0508 

.1341 

.2174 

.3008 

.3841 

.4674 

% 

.0521 

.1354 

.2188 

.3021 

.3854 

.4688 

4K4 

.0534 

.1367 

.2201 

.3034 

.3867 

.4701 

2L^2 

.0547 

.1380 

.2214 

.3047 

.3880 

.4714 

43^ 

.0560 

.1393 

.2227 

.3060 

.3893 

.4727 

^le 

.0573 

.1406 

.2240 

.3073 

.3906 

.4740 

4%4 

.0586 

.1419 

.2253 

.3086 

.3919 

.4753 

2  3  ^  . 

.0599 

.1432 

.2266 

.3099 

.3932 

.4766 

47,^ 

.0612 

.1445 

.2279 

.3112 

.3945 

.4779 

?4 

.0625 

.1458 

.2292 

.3125 

.3958 

.4792 

4%4 

.0638 

.1471 

.2305 

.3138 

.3971 

.4805 

2^2 

.0651 

.1484 

.2318 

.3151 

.3984 

.4818 

5  ^4 

.0664 

.1497 

.2331 

.3164 

.3997 

.4831 

% 

.0677 

.1510 

.2344 

.3177 

.4010 

.4844 

5%4 

.0690 

.1523 

.2357 

.3190 

.4023 

.4857 

2^^ 

.0703 

.1536 

.2370 

.3203 

.4036 

.4870 

5%4 

.0716 

.1549 

.2383 

.3216 

.4049 

.4883 

% 

.0729 

.1562 

.2396 

.3229 

.4062 

.4896 

5%4 

.0742 

.1576 

.2409 

.3242 

.4076 

.4909 

2^2 

.0755 

.1589 

.2422 

.3255 

.4089 

.4922 

5%4 

.0768 

.1602 

.2435 

.3268 

.4102 

.4935 

ly\& 

.0781 

.1615 

.2448 

.3281 

.4115 

.4948 

6K4 

.0794 

.1628 

.2461 

.3294 

.4128 

.4961 

3^^2 

.0807 

.1641 

.2474 

.3307 

.4141 

.4974 

6%4 

.0820 

.1654 

.2487 

.3320 

.4154 

.4987 

1 

| 

176 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


DECIMALS  OF  A  FOOT  FOR  EACH  ^4  IN. — (Concluded) 


Inch 

6  in. 

7  in. 

8  in. 

9  in. 

10  in. 

11  in. 

3%4 

.5430 

.6263 

.7096 

.7930 

.8763 

.9596 

1  ^2 

.5443 

.6276 

.7109 

.7943 

.8776 

.9609 

35,^  . 

.5456 

.6289 

.7122 

.7956 

.8789 

.9622 

Jfe 

.5469 

.6302 

.7135 

.7969 

.8802 

.9635 

37^4 

.5482 

.6315 

.7148 

.7982 

.8815 

.9648 

ia^2 

.5495 

.6328 

.7161 

.7995 

.8828 

.9661 

3%4 

.5508 

.6341 

.7174 

.8008 

.8841 

.9674 

% 

.5521 

.6354 

.7188 

.8021 

.8854 

.9688 

4^4 

.5534 

.6367 

.7201 

.8034 

.8867 

.9701 

2/^2 

.5547 

.6380 

.7214 

.8047 

.8880 

.9714 

4%4 

.5560 

.6393 

.7227 

.8060 

.8893 

.9727 

1Ke 

.5573 

.6406 

.7240 

.8073 

.8906 

.9740 

4%4 

.5586 

.6419 

.7253 

.8086 

.8919 

.9753 

2%2 

.5599 

.6432 

.7266 

.8099 

.8932 

.9766 

4%4 

.5612 

.6445 

.7279 

.8112 

.8945 

.9779 

?4 

.5625 

.6458 

.7292 

.8125 

.8958 

.9792 

4%4 

.5638 

.6471 

.7305 

.8138 

.8971 

.9805 

2^2 

.5651 

.6484 

.7318 

.8151 

.8984 

.9818 

51^  . 

.5664 

.6497 

.7331 

.8164 

.8997 

.9831 

1^le 

.5677 

.6510 

.7344 

.8177 

.9010 

.9844 

5%4 

.5690 

.6523 

.7357 

.8190 

.9023 

.9857 

27,^2 

.5703 

.6536 

.7370 

.8203 

.9036 

.9870 

5%4 

.5716 

.6549 

.7383 

.8216 

.9049 

.9883 

% 

.5729 

.6562 

.7396 

.8229 

.9062 

.9896 

5%4 

.5742 

.6576 

.7409 

.8242 

.9076 

.9909 

2&^2 

.5755 

.6589 

.7422 

.8255 

.9089 

.9922 

5%4 

.5768 

.6602 

.7435 

.8268 

.9102 

.9935 

1Ke 

.5781 

.6615 

.7448 

.8281 

.9115 

.9948 

61/4 

.5794 

.6628 

.7461 

.8294 

.9128 

.9961 

314o 

.5807 

.6641 

.7474 

.8307 

.9141 

.9974 

63^. 

.5820 

.6654 

.7487 

.8320 

.9154 

.9987 

1 

1  .  0000 

DECIMALS  OF  AN  INCH 


177 


DECIMALS  OF  AN  INCH  FOR  EACH 


H2ds   1  H*th9 

Decimal   Fraction 

i 

H2ds 

K*ths 

Decimal 

Fraction 

1 

.015625 

33 

.515625 

1 

2 

.03125 

17 

34 

.53125 

3 

.046875 

35 

.546875 

2 

4 

.0625 

1-16 

18 

36 

.5625 

£-16 

5 

.078125 

37 

.  578125 

3 

6 

.09375 

19 

38 

.59375 

7 

.  109375 

39 

.609375 

4 

8 

.125 

1-8 

20 

40 

.625 

5-8 

9 

.  140625 

41 

.640625 

5 

10 

.  15625 

21 

42 

.65625 

11 

.171875 

43 

.671875 

6 

12 

.1875 

3-16 

22 

44 

.6875 

11-16 

13 

.203125 

45 

.703125 

7 

14 

.21875 

23 

46 

.71875 

15 

.234375 

47 

.734375 

8 

16 

.25 

1-4 

24 

48 

.75 

3-4 

17 

.  265625 

49 

.765625 

9 

18 

.28125 

25 

50 

.78125 

19 

.296875 

51 

.796875 

10 

20 

.3125 

5-16 

26 

52 

.8125 

13-16 

21 

.328125 

53 

.828125 

11 

22 

.  34375 

27 

54 

.84375 

23 

.359375 

55 

.859375 

12 

24 

.375 

3-8 

28 

56 

.875 

7-8 

25 

.3Q0625 

57 

.890625 

13 

26 

.40625 

29 

58 

.90625 

27 

.421875 

59 

.921875 

14 

28 

.4375 

7-16 

30 

60 

.9375 

15-16 

29 

.453125 

61 

.953125 

15 

30 

.46875 

31 

62 

.96875 

31 

.484375 

63 

.984375 

16 

32 

.5 

1-2 

32 

64 

1.0 

1 

BELTING  RULES 


To  Find  Speed  of  Belt. — Multiply  the  circumference  of  either 

pulley  in  inches  by  the  number  of  its  revolutions  per  minute. 
12 


178  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

Divide  by  12  and  the  result  is  the  speed  of  the  belt  in  feet  per 
minute. 

To  Find  Length  of  Belt. — Multiply  the  distance  between  the 
shaft  centers  by  2  and  add  to  the  result  one-half  the  sum  of  the 
circumferences  of ;  the  two  pulleys. 

To  Find  Diameter  of  Pulley  Necessary  to  Make  Any  Required 
Number  of  Revolutions. — Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  pulley, 
the  speed  of  which  is  known,  by  its  revolutions,  and  divide  by 
the  number  of  revolutions  at  which  the  other  pulley  is  required 
to  run. 

To  Find  Diameter  of  Driving  Pulley. — Multiply  diameter  of 
driven  pulley  by  its  revolutions  and  divide  the  product  by  the 
revolution  of  the  driving  pulley. 

To  Find  Revolution  of  Driving  Pulley. — Multiply  diameter  of 
driven  pulley  by  its  revolution  and  divide  the  product  by  the 
diameter  of  the  driving  pulley. 

To  Find  the  Approximate  Length  of  Belting  in  a  Roll. — Add 
together  the  diameter  of  the  roll  and  the  hole  in  the  center,  in 
inches.  Multiply  by  the  number  of  coils  in  the  roll,  and  then 
multiply  by  0.131.  The  result  will  be  the  approximate  number 
of  feet  of  belting  in  the  roll. 

ANTI-FREEZING  LIQUIDS  FOR  PRESSURE  AND  SUCTION  GAGES 

33°Be*.  sulphuric  acid  is  a  very  good  anti-freezing  liquid  to  use 
in  permanent  pressure  and  suction  gages.  This  acid  has  a  specific 
gravity  of  1.295  and  a  freezing  point  of  —  97°F,  If  a  gage  is  to 
be  made  with  two  separate  glass  tubes,  construct  as  follows: 
Bend  the  tubes  on  the  bottom  at  right  angles  so  they  meet — join 
with  rubber  tubing  and  wire  fast — then  wrap  with  ordinary  elec- 
trician's friction  tape.  In  this  way  a  connection  is  made  that 
resists  weather  and  the  acid  will  have  but  little  action  on  the 
rubber.  To  obtain  water  readings  from  the  acid  readings  it  is, 
of  course,  necessary  to  multiply  by  1.295. 

For  gages  where  high  suction  and  pressures  are  to  be  read, 


ANTI-FREEZING  LIQUIDS 


179 


mercury  with  a  specific  gravity  of  13.595  and  a  freezing  point  of 
—  39.1°F.  is  very  satisfactory. 

ANTI-FREEZING  SOLUTIONS  FOB  SUCTION  AND  PRESSURE  GAGES.     READINGS 
IN  INCHES  CONVERTED  INTO  APPROXIMATE  INCHES  OF  WATER 

33°B6.  sulphuric  acid  =  1.295  specific  gravity  =   —  97°F.  freezing  point 


Acid 

Water 

Acid 

Water 

Acid 

Water 

Acid 

Water 

Acid 

Water 

1 

1M 

7K 

9K 

14 

18 

20^ 

26K 

27 

35 

V4 

2 

8 

IOK 

14K 

19 

21 

27 

27^ 

35^ 

2 

2K 

8K 

11 

15 

19^ 

21^ 

28 

28 

36^ 

2X 

3 

9 

UK 

15K 

20 

22 

28^ 

28^ 

37 

3 

4 

9K 

12K 

16 

20^ 

22^ 

29 

29 

37^ 

3K 

4K 

10 

13 

16K 

21^ 

23 

30 

29^ 

38 

4 

5 

IOK 

13K 

17 

22 

23^ 

30^ 

30 

39 

*K 

6 

11 

14 

17K 

22^ 

24 

31 

30^ 

39^ 

5 

6K 

UK 

15 

18 

23^ 

24^ 

31K 

31 

40 

5K 

7 

12 

15K 

18K 

24 

25 

32K 

31^ 

41 

6 

8 

12K 

16 

19 

24^ 

25K 

33 

32 

41^ 

6K 

8K 

13 

17 

19M 

25}.$ 

26 

33^ 

32^ 

42 

7 

9 

13K 

17K 

20 

26 

26>^ 

34.^ 

33 

42^ 

Mercury  =  13.595  specific  gravity  =   —  39.1°F.  freezing  point 


Hg 

H20 

Hg 

H20 

Hg 

H20 

Hg 

H20 

Hg 

H20 

M6 

1 

% 

12 

1% 

23 

2K 

34 

3^6 

45 

y8 

IK 

% 

12K 

1% 

24 

2K6 

35 

3% 

46 

KG 

2K 

1 

13  K 

1^6 

24K 

2% 

35K 

3Ke 

47 

.^ 

3K 

1K6 

14K 

1% 

25K 

2^6 

36K 

3K 

47K 

5/16 

4K 

IK 

15K 

1% 

26K 

2^ 

37K 

3^6 

48K 

H 

5 

WG 

16 

2 

27 

2% 

38 

3% 

49K 

KG 

6 

1M 

17 

2K6 

28 

2% 

39 

3^6 

50 

K 

7 

W6 

18 

2K 

29 

2% 

40 

3% 

51 

KG 

7K 

1% 

18K 

2%6 

29K 

3 

41 

3% 

52 

5/s 

8K 

IKe 

19K 

2K 

30K 

3K6 

41K 

3% 

52K 

% 

9K 

IK 

20K 

2^6 

31K 

3K 

42K 

3% 

53K 

% 

10 

iHe 

21K 

2% 

32  K 

3%6 

43K 

4 

54K 

lMe 

11 

1% 

22 

2K6 

33 

3M 

44 

4Me 

55 

180  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

FLANGES  AND  FLANGED  FITTINGS 

Much  confusion  has  resulted  in  the  past,  due  to  the  various 
standards  for  flange  dimensions  and  bolting  adopted  by  manu- 
facturers and  engineering  societies.  In  1912,  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  and  the  Master  Steam  and  Hot 
Water  Fitters'  Association  adopted  what  is  known  as  "The  1912 
U.  S.  Standard,"  and  in  the  same  year,  at  a  meeting  of  manu- 
facturers in  New  York  City,  the  " Manufacturer's  Standard" 
was  promulgated.  The  disadvantages  of  having  two  standards 
in  existence  were  immediately  recognized,  and  committees  of  the 
A.  S.  M.  E.  and  the  manufacturers  united  in  a  compromise  known 
as  the  "  American  Standard,"  to  be  effective  after  Jan.  1,  1914. 

Notes  on  the  American  Standard. — The  following  notes  apply 
to  the  American  Standard  for  flanges  and  flanged  fittings: 

(a)  Standard  and  extra  heavy  reducing  elbows  carry  the  same  dimensions 
center-to-face  as  regular  elbows  of  largest  straight  size. 

Standard  and  extra  heavy  tees,  crosses  and  laterals,  reducing  on  run  only, 
carry  same  dimensions  face-to-face  as  largest  straight  size. 

Flanged  fittings  for  lower  working  pressures  than  125  Ib.  conform  to  this 
standard  in  all  dimensions  except  thickness  of  shell. 

.  Where  long-radius  fittings  are  specified,  reference  is  had  only  to  elbows 
made  in  two  center-to-face  dimensions  and  known  as  elbows  and  long-radius 
elbows,  the  latter  being  used  only  when  so  specified. 

Standard  weight  fittings  are  guaranteed  for  125  Ib.  working  pressure  and 
extra  heavy  fittings  for  250  Ib. 

Extra  heavy  fittings  and  flanges  have  a  raised  surface  }{$  in.  high  inside 
of  bolt  holes  for  gaskets.  Standard  weight  fittings  and  flanges  are  plain- 
faced.  Bolt  holes  are  ^  in.  larger  in  diameter  than  bolts,  and  straddle  the 
center  line. 

The  size  of  all  fittings  scheduled  indicates  the  inside  diameter  of  ports. 

The  face-to-face  dimension  of  reducers,  either  straight  or  eccentric,  for  all 
pressures,  is  the  same  as  that  given  in  table  of  dimensions. 

Square-head  bolts  with  hexagonal  nuts  are  recommended.  For  1%-in. 
and  larger  bolts,  studs  with  a  nut  on  each  end  are  satisfactory.  Hexagonal 
nuts  for  pipe  sizes  up  to  46  in.  on  the  125-lb.  standard,  and  up  to  16  in.  on 
the  250-lb.  standard  can  be  conveniently  pulled  up  with  open  wrenches  of 
minimum  design  of  heads.  For  larger  pipe  sizes  (up  to  100  in.  on  125-lb., 
and  to  48  in.  on  250-lb.  standard)  use  box  wrenches. 


FLANGES  AND  FLANGED  FITTINGS  181 

Twin  elbows,  whether  straight  or  reducing,  carry  same  dimensions  center- 
to-face  and  face-to-face  as  regular  straight-size  ells  and  tees. 

Side  outlet  elbows  and  side  outlet  tees,  whether  straight  or  reducing 
sizes,  carry  same  dimensions  center-to-face  and  face-to-face  as  regular  tees 
having  same  reductions. 

(6)  Bull-head  tees,  or  tees  increasing  on  outlet,  have  same  center-to-face 
and  face-to-face  dimensions  as  a  straight  fitting  of  the  size  of  the  outlet. 

Tees,  crosses  and  laterals  16  in.  and  smaller,  reducing  on  the  outlet  use  the 
same  dimensions  as  straight  sizes  of  the  larger  port.  Sizes  18  in.  and 
larger,  reducing  on  the  outlet  or  branch,  are  made  in  two  lengths,  depending 
on  sizes  of  outlet  or  branch  as  given  in  dimension  table. 

(c)  The  dimensions  of  reducing  flanged  fittings  are  always  regulated  by  the 
reductions  of  the  outlet  or  branch. 

(d)  For  fittings  reducing  on  the  run  only,  always  use  the  long-body  pattern. 
Y's  are  special  and  are  made  to  suit  conditions. 

(e)  Double-sweep  tees  are  not  made  reducing  on  the  run. 

Steel  flanges,  fittings  and  valves  are  recommended  for  superheated 
steam. 


182 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


AMERICAN  STANDARD 
Names  of  Fittings 


Elbow  Reducing  Elbow          Side  Outlet  Elbow  Twin  Elbow 


Long,  Radius  Elbow  45  Elbow  Tee  Single  Sweep  Tee 


Double  Sweep  Tee         Side  Outlet  Tee         Reducing  Tee  Reducer 


Reducing  Reducing 

Single  Sweep  Tee        Side  Outlet  Tee 


Cross  Reducing  Cross 


Lateral 


Reducing  lateral 


FLANGES  AND  FLANGED  FITTINGS 


183 


TEMPLATES  FOR  DRILLING  STANDARD  AND  LOW-PRESSURE  FLANGED 

VALVES  AND  FITTINGS l 

American  Standard 


Size,  inches 

Diameter  of 
flanges,  inches 

Thickness  of 
flanges,  inches 

Bolt  circle 
diameter, 
inches 

Number  of 
bolts 

Size  of  bolts, 
inches 

1                   4                     KG 

3 

4 

KG 

IK 

4K 

H                    3% 

4 

KG 

IK 

5 

KG 

3% 

4 

H 

2 

6 

% 

4% 

4 

% 

V/2 

7 

XK6 

5K 

4 

% 

3 

7K 

% 

6 

4 

% 

3K 

8K 

^6 

7 

4 

H 

4 

9 

^6 

7K 

8 

H 

4K 

9K 

% 

7% 

8 

% 

5 

10                      i^e                8K 

8 

% 

6 

11 

1                        9K 

8 

H 

7 

12K 

IMe               10% 

8 

H 

8 

13M 

IK 

11% 

8 

% 

9 

15 

IK 

13^ 

12 

% 

10 

16 

1%6 

14K 

12 

H 

12 

19 

IK 

17 

12 

% 

14 

21 

1%                  18% 

12 

\ 

15 

22K 

1%                  20 

16 

i 

16 

23^ 

!Ke                21K 

16 

i 

18 

25 

IMe 

22% 

16 

IK 

20 

27M 

1^6 

25 

20 

IK 

22 

29K 

1^6 

'  27K 

20 

IK 

24 

32 

IK 

29K 

20 

IK 

26 

34K 

2 

31% 

24 

IK 

28 

36^ 

2Ke 

34                      28                  IK 

30                 38%                2%                 36                      28                  1% 

1  These  templates  are  in  multiples  of  four,  so  that  fittings  may  be  made 
to  face  in  any  quarter  and  bolt  holes  straddle  the  center  line.  Bolt  holes  are 
drilled  K  in.  larger  than  the  nominal  diameter  of  bolts. 


184 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


FLANGED  FITTINGS 


185 


.SS.5.2 

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to  to 


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8-8 
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186 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


GENERAL  DIMENSIONS  OF  STANDARD  REDUCING  TEES  AND  CROSSES  (SHORT- 
BODY  PATTERN) 
American  Standard 


Size, 
inches 

Size  of  outlets  and 
smaller1 

Center-to-face  run, 
A 

Center-to-face  outlet, 
B 

1  to  16 

All  reducing  fittings  from  1  to  16  in.  inclusive  have  the 
same  center-to-face  dimensions  as  straight-size  fittings 

i 

18 

12 

13 

15^ 

20 

14 

14 

17 

22 

15 

14 

18 

24 

16 

15 

19 

26 

18 

16 

20 

28 

18 

16 

21 

30 

20 

18            23 

Long-body  patterns  are  used  when  outlets  are  larger  than  given  in  the 
above  table,  therefore  have  same  dimensions  as  straight-size  fittings.  The 
dimensions  of  "reducing  flanged  fittings"  are  always  regulated  by  the 
reduction  of  the  outlet. 

Fittings  reducing  on  the  run  only,  the  long-body  pattern  will  always  be 
used,  except  double-sweep  tees,  on  which  the  reduced  end  is  always  longer 
than  the  regular  fittings. 

Bull  heads  or  tees  having  outlets  larger  than  the  run  will  be  the  same 
length  center-to-face  of  all  openings  as  a  tee  with  all  openings  of  the  size  of 
the  outlet.  For  example,  a  12  by  12  by  18-in.  tee  will  be  governed  by  the 
dimensions  of  the  18-in.  long-body  tee,  namely,  16H  in.  center-to-face  of  all 
openings  and  33  in.  face-to-face. 

Reducing  elbows  carry  same  center-to-face  dimension  as  regular  elbows  of 
largest  straight  size. 


FLANGED  FITTINGS 


187 


GENERAL  DIMENSIONS  OF  STANDARD    REDUCING  LATERALS  (SHORT-BODY 

PATTERN) 
American  Standard 


Size, 
inches 

branch  and  |    F^°£<* 
smalleri                run'  C 

Center-to-face 
run,  D 

Center-to-face 
run,  E 

Center-to-face 
branch,  F 

1  to  16 

All  reducing  fittings  1  to  16  in.  inclusive  have  the  same  center- 

to-face  dimensions  as  straight-size  fittings 

18 

9                    26 

25 

1 

27^ 

20 

10 

28 

27 

1 

29^ 

22 

10 

29 

28K 

H 

31  K 

24 

12 

32 

31K 

y* 

34  K 

26 

12 

35 

35 

0 

38 

28 

14 

37 

37 

0 

40 

30 

15 

39 

39 

0 

42 

1  Long-body  patterns  are  used  when  branches  are  larger  than  given  in  the 
above  table,  therefore  have  same  dimensions  as  straight-size  fittings. 

The  dimensions  of  "reducing  flanged  fittings"  are  always  regulated  by  the 
reduction  of  the  branch ;  fittings  reducing  on  the  run  only,  the  long-body  pat- 
tern will  always  be  used. 


188 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


si 


O 


FLANGED  FITTINGS 


189 


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190 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


GENERAL  DIMENSIONS  OF  EXTRA  HEAVY  REDUCING  TEES  AND  CROSSES 
(SHORT-BODY  PATTERN) 

American  Standard 


Size, 

Size  of  outlets 

Face-to-face  run, 

Center-to-face 

Center-to-  face 

inches 

and  smaller1 

AA 

run,  A 

outlet,  B 

1  to  16 

All  reducing  fittings  1  to  16  in.  inclusive  have  the  same  center- 

to-face  dimensions  as  straight-size  fittings 

18 

12 

28 

14 

17 

20 

14 

31 

15H 

18K 

22 

15 

33 

163^ 

20 

24 

16 

34 

17 

21M 

26 

18 

38 

19 

23 

28 

18 

38 

19 

24 

30 

20 

41 

20K 

25^ 

1  Long-body  patterns  are  used  when  outlets  are  larger  than  given  in  the 
above  table,  therefore  have  same  dimensions  as  straight-size  fittings.  The 
dimensions  of  "reducing  flanged  fittings"  are  always  regulated  by  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  outlet. 

Fittings  reducing  on  the  run  only,  the  long-body  pattern  will  always  be 
used,  except  double-sweep  tees,  on  which  the  reduced  end  is  always  longer 
than  the  regular  fitting. 

Bull  heads  or  tees  having  outlets  larger  than  the  run  will  be  the  same 
length  center-to-face  of  all  openings  as  a  tee  with  all  openings  of  the  size  of 
the  outlet.  For  example,  a  12  by  12  by  18-in.  tee  will  be  governed  by  the 
dimensions  of  the  18-in.  long-body  tee,  namely,  18  in.  center-to-face  of  all 
openings  and  36  in.  face-to-face. 

Reducing  elbows  carry  same  center-to-face  dimension  as  regular  elbows  of 
largest  straight  size. 


FLANGED  FITTINGS 


191 


GENERAL  DIMENSIONS  OF  EXTRA  HEAVY  REDUCING  LATERALS  (SHORT-BODY 

PATTERN) 


n 


American  Standard 


Size, 
inches 

Size  of 
branches  and 
smaller1 

Face-to-face 
run,  C 

Center-to-facc 
run,  D 

Center-to-face 
run,  E 

Center-to-face 
branch,  F 

1  to  16 

All  reducing  fittings  1  to  16  in.  inclusive  have  the  same  center- 

to-face  dimensions  as  straight-size  fittings 

18 

9 

34 

31 

3 

32^ 

20 

10 

37 

34 

3 

36 

22 

10 

40 

37 

3 

39 

24 

12 

44 

41 

3 

43 

1  Long -body  patterns  are  used  when  branches  are  larger  than  given  in  the 
above  table,  therefore,  have  same  dimensions  as  straight-size  fittings. 

The  dimensions  of  "reducing  flanged  fittings"  are  always  regulated  by  the 
reduction  of  the  branch;  fittings  reducing  on  the  run  only,  the  long-body 
pattern  will  always  be  used. 


192 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


TEMPLATES  FOR  DRILLING  EXTRA  HEAVY  FLANGED  VALVES  AND  FiTTiNGS1 
American  Standard 


Size, 
inches 

Diameter  of 
flanges, 
inches 

Thickness  of 
flanges, 
inches 

Bolt  circle 
diameter, 
inches 

Number  of 
bolts 

Size  of 
bolts 

1 

4K 

% 

3M 

4 

K 

1M 

5 

% 

3% 

4 

X 

IK 

6 

% 

4^ 

4 

5A 

2 

6H 

% 

5 

4 

5/8 

2K 

7K 

1 

5% 

4 

% 

3 

8K 

IK 

6% 

8 

% 

3K 

9 

1%6 

7^ 

8 

% 

4 

10 

1M 

7% 

8 

H 

4K 

IOK 

We 

8K 

8 

% 

5 

11 

1%' 

9M 

8 

% 

6 

12K       ' 

IKe 

10% 

12 

H 

7 

14 

IK 

11% 

12 

% 

8 

15 

1% 

13 

12 

% 

9 

16M 

1% 

14 

12 

i 

10 

17K 

1% 

15M 

16 

i 

12 

20K 

2 

17% 

16 

IK 

14 

23 

2^ 

20^ 

20 

IK 

15 

24K 

2Ke 

21K 

20 

IK 

16 

25K 

2^ 

22K 

20 

IK 

18 

28 

2% 

24% 

24 

IK 

20 

30K 

2K 

27 

24 

l% 

22 

33 

2^ 

2934 

24 

IK 

24 

36 

2^ 

32 

24 

1% 

26 

38K 

2^6 

34K 

28 

1% 

28 

40% 

2^6 

37 

28 

i% 

30 

43 

3 

39K 

28 

1% 

1  These  templates  are  in  multiples  of  four,  so  that  fittings  may  be  made  to 
face  in  any  quarter  and  bolt  holes  straddle  the  center  line.  Bolt  holes  are 
drilled  K  in.  larger  than  nominal  diameter  of  bolts. 


FLANGED  FITTINGS 


193 


WEIGHTS  OF  CAST-IRON  FLANGED  FITTINGS 
(American  Standard  Dimensions) 


Size, 
inches 

Approximate  weight  per  piece,  pounds 

Standard  (125  Ib.) 

Extra  heavy  (250  Ib.) 

Ell 

45°  Ell 

Tee 

Cross 

Ell 

45°  Ell 

Tee 

Cross 

2 

18 

15 

26 

34 

23 

20 

38 

80 

2H 

22 

20 

34 

43 

34 

29 

50 

85 

3 

30 

27 

45 

58 

46 

38 

70 

90 

3M 

37 

33 

55 

74 

57 

44 

75 

115 

4 

45 

38 

67 

89 

67 

61 

100 

140 

4K 

46 

43 

75 

100 

85 

70 

120 

170 

5 

63 

53 

90 

121 

95 

85 

130 

190 

6 

75 

68 

115 

152 

125 

105 

190 

250 

7 

100 

90 

150 

200 

160 

145 

235 

325 

8 

120 

100 

170 

236 

190 

175 

280 

370 

9 

150 

130 

220 

305 

240 

195 

330 

480 

10 

205 

160 

285 

400 

320 

250 

450 

580 

12 

285 

230 

430 

570 

450 

380 

680 

900 

14 

390 

300 

550 

750 

640 

520 

970 

1,300 

15 

440 

330 

660 

800 

750 

570 

1,050 

1,400 

16 

525 

400 

760 

1,000 

840 

675 

1,255 

1,675 

13 


194 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


NOMINAL  WEIGHT  OF  CAST-IRON  PIPE  WITHOUT  FLANGES,  POUNDS 

PER    FOOT1 


Inside 
diameter, 
inches 

Thickness  of  metal  in  inches 

K 

H 

* 

H 

H 

y* 

i 

IK 

IK 

2 

5.5 

8.7 

12.3 

16.1 

20.3 

24.7 

29.5 

34.5 

40.0 

2H 

6.8 

10.6 

14.7 

19.2 

24.0 

29.0 

34.4 

40.0 

46.0 

3 

7.9 

12.4 

17.2 

22.2 

27.6 

32.3 

39.3 

45.6 

52.2 

3/>i 

9.2 

14.3 

19.6 

25.3 

31.3 

37.6 

44.2 

51.1 

58.3 

4 

10.4 

16.1 

22.1 

28.4 

35.0 

41.9 

49.1 

56.6 

64.4 

4;Hj 

11.7 

18.0 

24.5 

31.5 

38.7 

46.2 

54.0 

62.1 

70.6 

5 

12.9 

19.8 

27.0 

34.5 

42.3 

50.5 

58.9 

67.7 

76.7 

5M 

14.1 

21.6 

29.5 

37.6 

46.0 

54.8 

63.8 

73.2 

82.8 

6 

15.3 

23.5 

31.9 

40.7 

49.7 

59.1 

68.7 

78.7 

89.0 

7 

17.8 

27.2 

36.8 

46.8 

57.1 

67.7 

78.5 

89.7 

101.0 

8 

20.3 

30.8 

41.7 

52.9 

64.4 

76.2 

88.4 

101.0 

114.0 

9 

22.7 

34.5 

46.6 

59.1 

71.8 

84.8 

98.2 

112.0 

126.0 

10 

25.2 

38.2 

51.5 

65.2 

79.2 

93.4 

108.0 

123.0 

138.0 

11 

27.6 

41.9 

56.5 

71.3 

86.5 

102.0 

118.0 

134.0 

150.0 

12 

30.1 

46.6 

61.4 

77.5 

93.9 

111.0 

128.0 

145.0 

163.0 

13 

32.5 

49.2 

66.3 

83.6 

101.0 

119.0 

137.0 

156.0 

175.0 

14 

35.0 

52.9 

71.2 

89.7 

109.0 

128.0 

147.0 

167.0 

187.0 

15 



56.6 

76.1 

95.9 

116.0 

136.0 

157.0 

178.0 

199.0 

16 

60.3 

81.0 

102.0 

123.0 

145.0 

167.0 

189.0 

212.0 

18 

67.7 

90.8 

114.0 

138.0 

162.0 

187.0 

211.0 

236.0 

20 

101.0 

127.0 

153.0 

179.0 

206.0 

233.0 

261.0 

22 





110.0 

139.0 

168.0 

197.0 

226.0 

255.0 

285.0 

24 

120.0 

151.0 

182.0 

214.0 

245.0 

278.0 

310.0 

26 

130.0 

163.0 

197.0 

231.0 

265.0 

299.0 

334.0 

28 
30 

.... 

140.0 
149.0 

175.0 
188.0 

211.0 
226.0 

248.0 
265.0 

284.0 
304.0 

321.0 
343.0 

358.0 
383.0 

1  Approximate  weight  of  each  flanged  joint  =  weight  of  1  ft.  of  pipe. 
Values  in  table  are  theoretical,  and  based  on  cast  iron  weighing  450  Ib.  per 
cubic  foot. 


CAST-IRON  PIPE 


195 


CO  •*  0  00  0  (N  rt<  CO  00 


0  Tf<  0 


196 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


*i 

g  g 

M 
I? 


0 


Class  H 
00  foot  head 
pounds  press 


0-c! 
Ill 


saqoui 
'ssaujptqj 


saqoui 
'ssausfoiqj, 


111 


Class  E 
foot  head 
unds  press 


q^Suaq 


sa  q  on  i 


saqoui 
'ssau^oiq, 


•s^oq 


saqoui 


eijoq   jo 


saqoui  ' 
jo 


saqoui 
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202 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


Reducer. 


STANDARD  SCREWED  FITTINGS 
(Approximate  Weights  and  Dimensions) 


Malleable  iron 


Dimensions  in  inches 


Weight  in  pounds  per  100  pieces 


Ells      45°  Ells        Tees      Crosses 


2% 


2% 

3K 


2 

2% 


tffc. 


6 


2 


2% 


6^6 


3% 

4% 


IMe 
IKe 

1% 


13 

17 

27 

39 

60 

105 

131 

232 

420 

637 

940 

1,100 


11 

14 

21 

32 

50 

80 

111 

197 

350 

483 

665 

775 


14 

23 

35 

55 

80 

136 

183 

285 

428 

742 

1,000 

1,200 


21 

42 

54 

96 

152 

197 

340 

575 

960 

1,040 

1,550 


Cast  iron 


2K 


3% 


6K 

7^6 

7% 
9 


6 


IK 


tO 

M 

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01 


Oi 

\W 

h-\ 


h- 
OS 


2K 
3 

3K 

4% 
5M 


to  to 

'n\'-K' 

r-l  r-t  i 

cOO 
i—  i(N 


3% 

4K 


2K 

2K 


6 

6% 
7% 

8K 

9K 


12K 
13% 


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14 

24 

40 

55 

93 

152 

192 

318 

500 

700 

920 

1,250 

1,600 

2,100 

3,000 

4,400 

5,500 

7,800 

11,100 

16,800 


24 

37 

55 

84 

138 

196 

284 

440 

660 

850 

1,125 

1,450 

1,650 

2,500 

3,500 

4,600 

6,900 

8,600 

12,500 


20 

32 

53 

81 

122 

200 

268 

430 

650 

1,000 

1,325 

1,780 

2,330 

2,620 

4,000 

5,500 

7,900 

10,200 

14,900 

21,500 


70 

100 

150 

238 

350 

530 

785 

1,100 

1,550 

2,150 

2,700 

3,000 

4,300 

6,600 

8,300 

13,600 

15,400 

25,500 


'SCREWED  FITTINGS 


203 


EXTRA  HEAVY  SCREWED  FITTINGS 
(Approximate  Weights  and  Dimensions) 


Malleable   iron 


Size, 
inches 

Dimensions  in  inches                       Weight  in  pounds  per  100  pieces 

A 

# 

C 

Ells 

45°  Ells 

Tees 

Crosses 

y± 

iMe 

« 

20 

20 

34 

42K 

H 

IK 

% 

38 

25 

64 

81 

l/2 

IK 

1 

.... 

62 

49 

92 

106 

« 

1% 

IK 

97 

69 

133 

163 

1 

2 

IMe 

2M 

134 

105 

200 

236 

IK 

2K 

IK 

3 

223 

175 

320 

378 

IK 

2K 

I1  He 

3K 

316 

232 

420 

503 

2 

3 

2 

4 

460 

370 

660 

800 

2K 

3K 

2K 

4% 

720 

538 

1,000 

1,200 

3 

4K 

2K 

5K 

1,065 

763 

1,600 

2,000 

3K 

4% 

2% 

6K 

1,500 

920 

2,200 

2,600 

4 

5^ 

2% 

7 

2,000 

1,250 

2,950 

3,240 

Cast  iron 


1 

2 

1H 

196 

155 

285 

305 

IX 

2K 

IK 

4% 

292 

248 

400 

510 

IK 

2^6 

m 

5% 

403 

335 

525 

680 

2 

3 

1% 

6M 

650 

548 

925 

1,080 

2K 

3K 

2K 

7% 

900 

950 

1,400 

1,750 

3 

4K 

2K 

8% 

1,350 

1,400 

2,000 

2,980 

3K 

4% 

2^6 

9% 

1,900 

1,750 

2,600 

3,300 

4 

5y8 

2% 

10% 

2,500 

2,300 

3,800 

4,900 

4K 

5K 

3 

3,000 

2,800 

4,400 

6,300 

5 

6K 

3^6 

3,900 

3,600 

6,000 

7,200 

6 

7M 

3% 

.... 

6,200 

5,500 

9,000 

11,300 

7 

&M 

4 

.... 

8,800 

7,500 

12,700 

16,300 

8 

$X 

4^ 

.... 

12,500 

9,800 

17,500 

22,000 

10 

nH 

4% 

...» 

28,000 

15,000 

39,000 

49,000 

12 

13% 

5K 

.... 

40,000 

20,300 

60,600 

70,400 

204 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


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PIPE  THREADS 


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206 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


LEAD  PIPE 


Inside 
diam- 
eter, 
inches 

Kind 

Weight 
per  foot, 
pounds 

Inside 
diam- 
eter, 
inches 

Kind 

Weight 
per  foot, 
pounds 

y* 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 
Ex.  ex.  strong 

0.50 
0.56 
0.75 
1.00 
1.50 
2.00 
2.63 

IK 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 
Ex.  ex.  strong 

2.00 
2.50 
3.00 
3.75 
4.75 
6.00 
6.75 

Yi 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 
Ex.  ex.  strong 

0.63 
0.75 
1.00 
1.25 
1.75 
2.50 
3.00 

1M 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 
Ex.  ex.  strong 

3.00 
3.50 
4.00 
5.00 
6.00 
7.50 
9.00 

H 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 
Ex.  ex.  strong 

0.75 
1.25 
1.75 
2.00 
2.50 
3.00 
3.50 

134 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 

3.00 
3.75 
4.50 
5.50 
6.50 
8.00 

H 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 
Ex.  ex.  strong 

1.00 
1.50 
2.00 
2.25 
3.00 
3.50 
4.00 

2 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 
Ex.  ex.  strong 

3.00 
4.00 
5.00 
7.00 
8.00 
9.00 
10.50 

H 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 

1.50 
2.00 
2.50 
3.00 
3.50 

2>^ 

Aqueduct 
Light 
Medium  (%  6  in.  thick) 
Strong  (14  in.) 
Ex.  strong  (%6  inch) 
Ex.  ex.  strong  (%  in.) 

4.00 
6.00 
8.00 
11.00 
14.00 
17.00 

1 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong 
Ex.  strong 
Ex.  ex.  strong 

1.50 
2.00 
2.50 
3.25 
4.00 
4.75 
5.50 

3 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium  (%6  in.  thick) 
Strong  (24  in.) 
Ex.  strong  (%6  in.) 
Ex.  ex.  strong  (%  in.) 

4.00 
4.75 
6.19 
9.00 
12.00 
16.00 
20.00 

LEAD  PIPE 
LEAD  PIPE — (Concluded) 


207 


Inside 
diam- 
eter, 
inches 

Kind 

Weight 
per  foot, 
pounds 

Inside 
diam- 
eter, 
inches 

i  Weight 
Kind                        per  foot, 
pounds 

4 

Aqueduct 
Ex.  light 
Light 
Medium 
Strong  (y±  in.  thick) 
Ex.  strong  (Y\§  in.) 
Ex.  ex.  strong  (%  in.) 

5.00 
6.00 
8.00 
10.00 
16.00 
22.00 
25.00 

6 

Aqueduct                        10  .  00 
Ex.  light                         13.00 
Light  (Y±  in.  thick)       24.00 
Medium  (%  in.)            36.50 
Strong  (Y2  in.)               50.00 

5 

Aqueduct                            8  .  25 
Ex.  light                            11.00 
Light                                '14.63 
Medium  (%  in.  thick)     20  .  00 
Strong  (%  in.)                 30.25 
Ex.  strong  (H  in.)           40.00 

8 

Light                               30  .  50 
Medium                           39  .  25 
Strong                             48  .  00 

SHEET  LEAD 


Pounds  per 
square  foot 


Thickness  in  inches 


Fraction 


Decimal 


2                             H2 

0.032 

3 

^4 

0.048 

4 

h* 

0.066 

5 

%4 

0.082 

6 

3/32 

0.098 

7 

K* 

0.115 

8 

X 

0.134 

9 

%4 

0.145 

10 

5/Z2 

0.164 

11 

1X* 

0.180 

12 

3/16 

0.198 

13 

1H* 

0.214 

14 

7/32 

0.230 

15 

X 

0.248 

16 

y± 

0.264 

20 

5AG 

0.332 

25 

2%4 

0.414 

30 

y* 

0.496 

60 

0.992 

208 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


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BRICK  SHAPES 


209 


14 


210 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


FIBER  ROPE  KNOTS  AND  HITCHES— AND  HOW  TO  MAKE  THEM1 

The  principle  of  a  knot  is  that  no  2  parts  which  would  move 
in  the  same  direction  if  the  rope  were  to  slip,  should  lie  alongside 

ABC  D 


of  and  touching  each  other.     This  principle  is  clearly  shown  in 
the  square  knot  (I). 

1  From  LIDDELL'S  "Metallurgists  and  Chemists'  Handbook." 


FIBER  ROPE  KNOTS  AND  HITCHES  211 

A  great  number  of  knots  have  been  devised,  of  which  a  few  of 
the  most  useful  are  herewith  illustrated  by  courtesy  of  C.  W. 
Hunt  Company,  of  New  York.  In  the  engravings  they  are 
shown  open,  or  before  being  drawn  taut,  in  order  to  show  the 
position  of  the  parts.  The  names  usually  given  to  them  are: 

A.  Bight  of  a  rope. 

B.  Simple  or  overhand  knot. 

C.  Figure  8  knot. 

D.  Double  knot. 

E.  Boat  knot. 

F.  Bowline,  first  step. 

G.  Bowline,  second  step. 
H.  Bowline,  completed. 

I.  Square  or  reef  knot. 

J.  Sheet  bend  or  weaver's  knot. 

K.  Sheet  bend  with  a  toggle. 

L.  Carrick  bend. 

M.  " Stevedore"  knot  completed. 

N.  " Stevedore"  knot  commenced. 

0.  Slip  knot. 

P.  Flemish  loop. 

Q.  Chain  knot  with  toggle. 

R.  Half-hitch. 

S.  Timber-hitch. 

T.  Clove-hitch. 

U.  Rolling-hitch. 

V.  Timber-hitch  and  half-hitch. 

W.  Blackwall-hitch. 

X.  Fisherman's  bend. 

Y.  Round  turn  and  half-hitch. 

Z.  Wall  knot  commenced. 
AA.  Wall  knot  completed. 
BB.  Wall  knot  crown  commenced. 
CC.  Wall  knot  crown  completed. 
DD  to  HH.  Eye  splice  commenced  and  completed. 


212  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

The  bowline  (G)  is  one  of  the  most  useful  knots;  it  will  not 
slip,  and  after  being  strained  is  easily  untied.  It  should  be  tied 
with  facility  by  everyone  who  handles  rope.  Commence  by 
making  a  bight  in  the  rope,  then  put  the  end  through  the  bight 
and  under  the  standing  part,  as  shown  in  the  engraving,  then 
pass  the  end  again  through  the  bight,  and  haul  tight. 

The  square  or  reef  knot  (I)  must  not  be  mistaken  for  the 
" granny"  knot  that  slips  under  a  strain.  Knots  (H,  K  and  M) 
are  easily  untied  after  being  under  strain.  The  knot  (M)  is 
useful  when  the  rope  passes  through  an  eye  and  is  held  by  the 
knot,  as  it  will  not  slip,  and  is  easily  untied  after  being  strained. 

The  wall  knot  looks  complicated  but  is  easily  made  by  pro- 
ceeding as  follows: 

Form  a  bight  with  strand  1,  and  pass  the  strand  2  around  the 
end  of  it,  and  the  strand  3  around  the  end  of  2,  and  then  through 
the  bight  of  1,  as  shown  in  engraving  Z.  Haul  the  ends  taut, 
when  the  appearance  is  as  shown  in  the  engraving  AA.  The 
end  of  the  strand  1  is  now  laid  over  the  center  of  the  knot, 
strand  2  laid  over  1,  and  3  over  2,  when  the  end  of  3  is  passed 
through  the  bight  of  1,  as  shown  in  the  engraving  BB.  Haul 
all  the  strands  taut,  as  shown  in  the  engraving  CC. 

The  " stevedore"  knot  (M),  (N)  is  used  to  hold  the  end  of  a 
rope  from  passing  through  a  hole.  When  the  rope  is  strained 
the  knot  draws  up  tight,  but  it  can  be  easily  untied  when  the 
strain  is  removed. 

If  a  knot  or  hitch  of  any  kind  is  tied  in  a  rope,  its  failure  under 
stress  is  sure  to  occur  at  that  place.  Each  fiber  in  the  straight 
part  of  the  rope  takes  proper  share  of  the  load,  but  in  all  knots 
the  rope  is  cramped  or  has  a  short  bend,  which  throws  an  over- 
load on  those  fibers  that  are  on  the  outside  of  the  bend  and  one 
fiber  after  another  breaks  until  the  rope  is  torn  apart.  The 
shorter  the  bend  in  the  standing  rope,  the  weaker  is  the  knot. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  213 


U.  S.  CUSTOMARY  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 

Length 

12  inches      =  1  foot 

3  feet          =  1  yard 

5%  yards       =  1  rod 

320  rods 


1760  yards 


1  mile 


5280  feet 

Nautical  Units 
6080.2  feet  =  1  nautical  mile 

6  feet  =  1  fathom 

120  fathoms  =  1  cable  length 

1  nautical  mile 

per  hour       =  1  knot 

Surveyors  Measure 
7.92  inches    =  1  link 
100  links 


66  feet 


=  1  chain 


4  rods 
80  chains    =  1  mile 

Area 

144  square  inches       =  1  square  foot 
9  square  feet  =  1  square  yard 

30^  square  yards        =  1  square  rod 

160  square  rods      1 

\    =  1  acre 
10  square  chains  J 

640  acres  =  1  square  mile 

Volume 

1728  cubic  inches  =  1  cubic  foot 
27  cubic  feet       =  1  cubic  yard 
1  cord  of  wood  =  128  cubic  feet 

Liquid  Measure 

4  gills        =  1  pint 
2  pints      =  1  quart 
4  quarts   =  1  gallon 
7.4805  gallons  =  1  cubic  foot 


214 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


Apothecaries  Liquid  Measure 

60  minims  =  1  liquid  dram 
8  drams     =  1  liquid  ounce 
16  ounces    =  1  pint 

Dry  Measure 

2  pints     =  1  quart 
8  quarts  =  1  peck 
4  pecks    =  1  bushel 

Avoirdupois  Weight 


16  drams  =437.5  grains 
16  ounces  =7000  grains 
100  pounds 

2000  pounds 

2240  pounds 


=  1  ounce 
=  1  pound 
=  1  cental 
=  1  short  ton 
=  1  long  ton 


Troy  Weight 

24  grains  =  1  pennyweight  (dwt.) 

20  pennyweights  =  1  ounce 
12  ounces  =  1  pound 

Apothecaries  Weights 
20  grains      =  1  scruple 

3  scruples  =  1  dram 

8  drams      =  1  ounce 
12  ounces     =  1  pound 

METRIC  MEASURES 
Length 


Unit 

Symbol 

Value  in  meters 

Micron  

0  000001 

Millimeter  
Centimeter  
Decimeter  

mm. 
cm. 
dm 

0.001 
0.01 
0  1 

Meter  (unit)  .... 

m 

1  0 

Dekameter.  . 

dkm 

10  0 

Hectometer  

hm 

100  0 

Kilometer  

km 

1  000  0 

Myriameter  . 

IVIm 

10  000  0 

Megameter 

1  000  000  0 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 
Area 


215 


Unit  ' 

Symbol 

Value  in  square  meters 

Sq   millimeter 

mm.2 

0.000001 

Sq.  centimeter  
Sq  decimeter                         

cm.2 
dm.2 

0.0001 
0.01 

Sq  meter  (centiare)                             

m.2 

1.0 

Sq   dekameter  (are) 

a. 

100.0 

Hectare 

ha. 

10,000.0 

Sq   kilometer                      

km.2 

1,000,000.0 

Volume 


Unit 

Symbol 

Value  in  liters 

Milliliter 

ml.  or  cm.3 

0.001 

Liter  (unit) 

1.  or  dm.3 

1.0 

Kiloliter  

kl.  or  m.3 

1,000.0 

Also 
Centiliter 

cl. 

0.01 

Deciliter  

dl. 

0.1 

Dekaliter  
Hectoliter                                                     .  . 

dkl. 
hi. 

10.0 
100.0 

CUBIC  MEASURE 


Unit 

Symbol 

Value  in  cubic 
meters 

Cubic  kilometer 
Cubic  hectometer  

km.3 
hm.3 

109 
106 

Cubic  dekameter  
Cubic  meter 

dkm.3 
m.3 

103 
1 

Cubic  decimeter 

dm.3 

10~3 

Cubic  centimeter.  .        

cm.3 

io-6 

Cubic  millimeter  
Cubic  micron  

mm.3 
M3 

10~9 
10~18 

216 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 
Weight 


Unit 

Symbol 

Value  in  grams 

Microgram  

0.000001 

IVlilligram 

msr 

0  001 

Centigram 

C£. 

0  01 

Decigram  

dg. 

0.1 

Gram  (unit)  
Dekagram                               

g- 

dkg. 

1.0 
10  0 

Hectogram 

hg 

100  0 

Kilogram  

kg. 

1,000.0 

Myriagram                        

Mg. 

10,000.0 

Quintal                                           ...    . 

Q. 

100,000  0 

Ton.. 

t. 

1,000,000.0 

EQUIVALENTS  OF  METRIC  AND  CUSTOMARY   (U.  S.)   WEIGHTS 
AND  MEASURES1 


Length 


METRIC 
1  millimeter 
1  centimeter 
1  'meter 
1  meter 
1  meter 
1  kilometer 

U.  S.  STANDARD 
1  inch 
1  inch 
1  foot 
1  yard 
1  mile 


METRIC 

1  square  millimeter 
1  square  centimeter 
1  square  meter 
1  square  meter 
1  square  kilometer 
1  hectare 


Area 


U.  S.  STANDARD 

0.03937  inch 

0.3937  inch 
39 . 37  inches 

3. 28083  feet 

1.09361  yards 

0.62137  mile 

METRIC 
25.4001  millimeters 

2 . 5400  centimeters 

0 . 3048  meter 

0.9144  meter 

1 . 60935  kilometers 

U.  S.  STANDARD 
0.00155  square  inch 
0. 1550  square  inch 
10 . 7640  square  feet 
1 . 1960  square  yards 
0.3861  square  mile 
2.471  acres 


Table  of  equivalents,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


217 


U.  S.  STANDARD 

1  square  inch 
1  square  inch 
1  square  foot 
1  square  yard 
1  square  mile 
1  acre 


Area — (Continued) 


METRIC 


645 . 16  square  millimeters 
6 . 452  square  centimeters 
0 . 0929  square  meter 
0.8361  square  meter 
2 . 5900  square  kilometers 
0.4047  hectare 


Volume 


METRIC 

1  cubic  millimeter 
1  cubic  centimeter 
1  cubic  meter 
1  cubic  meter 

U.  S.  STANDARD 

1  cubic  inch 
1  cubic  inch 
1  cubic  foot 
1  cubic  yard 


U.  S.  STANDARD 

0 . 000061  cubic  inch 
0.0610  cubic  inch 
35.314  cubic  feet 
1 . 3079  cubic  yards 

METRIC 

16,387.2  cubic  millimeters 
16.3872  cubic  centimeters 
0.02832  cubic  meter 
0.7646  cubic  meter 


Capacity 


METRIC 

milliliter  (c.c.) 

milliliter 

milliliter 

liter 

liter 
1  liter 
1  liter 
1  dekaliter 
1  hectoliter 
1  hectoliter 


U.  S.  STANDARD 

0.03381  liquid  ounce 
0 . 2705  apothecaries'  dram 
0.8115  apothecaries'  scruple 
1 . 05668  liquid  quarts 
0.9081  dry  quart 
0.26417  liquid  gallon 
0.11351  peck 
1 . 1351  pecks 
2. 83774  bushels 
26.4176  liquid  gallons 


218 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


Capacity—  (Contin  ued) 


U.  S.  STANDARD 

1  liquid  ounce 

1  apothecaries'  dram 

1  apothecaries'  scruple 

1  liquid  quart 

1  dry  quart 

1  liquid  gallon 

1  peck 

1  peck 

1  bushel 

1  bushel 


METRIC 


29.574milliliters  (c.c.) 
3.6967milliliters 
1 . 2322  milliliters 
0.94636  liter 
1 . 1012  liters 
3 . 78543  liters 
8 . 80982  liters 
0.88098  dekaliter 

35 . 239  liters 
0 . 35239  hectoliter 


METRIC 


Mass 


1  gram 
1  gram 
1  gram 
1  kilogram 
1  kilogram 

U.  S.  STANDARD 

1  grain 

1  avoirdupois  ounce 

1  troy  ounce 

1  avoirdupois  pound 

1  troy  pound 


U.  S.  STANDARD 

15. 4324  grains 
0 . 03527  avoirdupois  ounce 
0.03215  troy  ounce 
2 . 20462  avoirdupois  pounds 
2.67923  troy  pounds 

METRIC 

0 . 0648  gram 
28 . 3495  grams 
31 . 10348  grams 

0.45359  kilogram 

0.37324  kilogram 


THERMOMETRIC  SCALES 


219 


COMPARISON  OF  THERMOMETRIC  SCALES 

Fahrenheit  degrees  as  units 

°C.  =  %(°F.  -  32) 


F. 

C. 

F. 

C. 

F. 

C. 

F. 

C. 

F. 

C. 

F. 

C. 

-40  -40.0 

+3 

-16.1 

+46 

+7.8 

+89 

+31.7 

+  132 

+55.6 

+  175 

+79.4 

39 

39.4 

4 

15.6 

47 

8.3 

90 

32.2 

133 

56.1 

176 

80.0 

38 

38.9 

5 

15.0 

48 

8.9 

91 

32.8 

134 

56.7 

177 

80.6 

37 

38.3 

6 

14.4 

49 

9.4 

92 

33.3 

135 

57.2 

178 

81.1 

36 

37.8 

7 

13.9 

50 

10.0 

93 

33.9 

136 

57.8 

179 

81.7 

35 

37.2 

8 

13.3 

51 

10.6 

94 

34.4 

137 

58.3 

180 

82.2 

34 

36.7 

9 

12.8 

52 

11.1 

95 

35.0 

138 

58.9 

181 

82.8 

33 

36.1 

10 

12.2 

53 

11.7 

96 

35.6 

139 

59.4 

182 

83.3 

32 

35.6 

11 

11.7 

54 

12.2 

97 

36.1 

140 

60.0 

183 

83.9 

31 

35.0 

12 

11.1 

55 

12.8 

98 

36.7 

141 

60.6 

184 

84.4 

30 

34.4 

13 

10.6 

56 

13.3 

99 

37.2 

142 

61.1 

185 

85.0 

29 

33.9 

14 

10.0 

57 

13.9 

100 

37.8 

143 

61.7 

186 

85.6 

28 

33.3 

15 

9.4 

58 

14.4 

101 

38.3 

144 

62.2 

187 

86.1 

27 

32.8 

16 

8.9 

59 

15.0 

102 

38.9 

145 

62.8 

188 

86.7 

26 

32.2 

17 

8.3 

60 

15.6 

103   39.4 

146 

63.3 

189 

87.2 

25 

31.7 

18 

7.8 

61 

16.1 

104   40.0 

147 

63.9 

190  87.8 

24 

31.1 

19 

7.2 

62 

16.7 

105 

40.6 

148 

64.4 

191 

88.3 

23 

30.6 

20 

6.7 

63 

17.2 

106 

41.1 

149 

65.0 

192 

88.9 

22 

30.0 

21 

6.1 

64 

17.8 

107 

41.7 

150 

65.6 

193 

89.4 

21 

29.4 

22 

5.6 

65 

18.3 

108 

42.2 

151 

66.1 

194 

90.0 

20 

28.9 

23 

5.0 

66 

18.9 

109 

42.8 

152 

66.7 

195 

90.6 

19 

28.3 

24 

4.4 

67 

19.4 

110 

43.3 

153 

67.2 

196 

91.1 

18 

27.8 

25 

3.9 

68 

20.0 

111 

43.9 

154 

67.8 

197 

91.7 

17 

27.2 

26 

3.3 

69 

20.6 

112 

44.4 

155 

68.3 

198 

92.2 

16 

26.7 

27 

2.8 

70 

21.1 

113 

45.0 

156 

68.9 

199 

92.8 

15 

26.1 

28 

2.2 

71 

21.7 

114 

45.6 

157 

69.4 

200 

93.3 

14 

25.6 

29 

1.7 

72 

22.2 

115 

46.1 

158 

70.0 

201 

93.9 

13 

25.0 

30 

1.1 

73 

22.8 

116 

46.7 

159 

70.6 

202 

94.4 

12 

24.4 

31 

0.6 

74 

23.3 

117 

47.2 

160 

71.1 

203 

95.0 

11 

23.9 

32 

0.0 

75 

23.9 

118 

47.8 

161 

71.7 

204 

95.6 

10 

23.3 

33 

+0.6 

76 

24.4 

119 

48.3 

162 

72.2 

205 

96.1 

9 

22.8 

34 

1.1 

77 

25.0 

120 

48.9 

163 

72.8 

206 

96.7 

8 

22.2 

35 

1.7 

78 

25.6 

121 

49.4 

164 

73.3 

207 

97.2 

7 

21.7 

36 

2.2 

79 

26.1 

122 

50.0 

165 

73.9 

208 

97.8 

6 

21.1 

37 

2.8 

80 

26.7 

123 

50.6 

166 

74.4 

209 

98.3 

5 

20.6 

38 

3.3 

81 

27.2 

124 

51.1 

167 

75.0 

210 

98.9 

4 

20.0 

39 

3.9 

82 

27.8 

125 

51.7 

168 

75.6 

211 

99.4 

3 

19.4 

40 

4.4 

83 

28.3 

126 

52.2 

169 

76.1 

212 

100.0 

2 

18.9 

41 

5.0 

84 

28.9 

127 

52.8 

170 

76.7 

1 

18.3 

42 

5.6 

85 

29.4 

128 

53.3 

171 

77.2 

0 

17.8 

43 

6.1 

86 

30.0 

129 

53.9 

172 

77.8 

+  1 

17.2 

44 

6.7 

87 

30.6 

130 

54.4 

173 

78.3 

2 

16.7 

45 

7.2 

88 

31.1 

131 

55.0 

174 

78.9 

220 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


COMPARISON  OP  THERMOMETRIC  SCALES 

Centigrade  degrees  as  units 

°F.  =  %°C.  +  32 


c. 

F. 

C. 

F. 

c. 

F. 

C. 

F. 

-40 

-40.0 

-4 

+24.8 

+32 

+89.6 

+68 

+  154.4 

39 

38.2 

3 

26.6 

33 

91.4 

69 

156.2 

38 

36.4 

2 

28.4 

34 

93.2 

70 

158.0 

37 

34.6 

1 

30.2 

35 

95.0 

71 

159.8 

36 

32.8 

0 

32.0 

36 

96.8 

72 

161.6 

35 

31.0 

+  1 

33.8 

37 

98.6 

73 

163.4 

34 

29.2 

2 

35.6 

38 

100.4 

74 

165.2 

33 

27.4 

3 

37.4 

39 

102.2 

75 

167.0 

32 

25.6 

4 

39.2 

40 

104.0 

76 

168.8' 

31 

23.8 

5 

41.0 

41 

105.8 

77 

170.6 

30 

22.0 

6 

42.8 

42 

107.6 

78 

172  A 

29 

20.2 

7 

44.6 

43 

109.4 

79 

174.2 

28 

18.4 

8 

46.4 

44 

111.2 

80 

176.0 

27 

16.6 

9 

48.2 

45 

113.0 

81 

177.8 

26 

14.8 

10 

50.0 

46 

114.8 

82 

179.6 

25 

13.0 

11 

51.8 

47 

116.6 

83 

181.4 

24 

11.2 

12 

53.6 

48 

118.4 

84 

183.2 

23 

9.4 

13 

55.4 

49 

120.2 

85 

185.0 

22 

7.6 

14 

57.2 

50 

122.0 

86 

186.8 

21 

5.8 

15 

59.0 

51 

123.8 

87 

188.6 

20 

4.0 

16 

60.8 

52 

125.6 

88 

190.4 

19 

2.2 

17 

62.6 

53 

127.4 

89 

192.2 

18 

0.4 

18 

64.4 

54 

129.2 

90 

194.0 

17 

+  1.4 

19 

66.2 

55 

131.0 

91 

195.8 

16 

3.2 

20 

68.0 

56 

132.8 

92 

197.6 

15 

5.0 

21 

69.8 

57 

134.6 

93 

199.4 

14 

6.8 

22 

71.6 

58 

136.4 

94 

201.2 

13 

8.6 

23 

73.4 

59 

138.2 

95 

203.0 

12 

10.4 

24 

75.2 

60 

140.0 

96 

204.8 

11 

12.2 

25 

77.0 

61 

141.8 

97 

206.6 

10 

14.0 

26 

78.8 

62 

143.6 

98 

208.4 

9 

15.8 

27 

80.6 

63 

145.4 

99 

210.2 

8 

17.6 

28 

82.4 

64 

147.2 

100 

212.0 

7 

19.4 

29 

84.2 

65 

149.0 

6 

21.2 

30 

86.0 

66 

150.8 

5 

23.0 

31 

87.8 

67 

152.6 

WATER 


221 


WATER1 


Density 
Weight  in  grams  of  1  c.c.  of  water  free 
from  air 

Volume 
Volume  in  cubic  centimeters  of  1   gram  of 
water 

Temperature,  °C. 

Density 

Temperature,  °C. 

Volume 

0 

0.999868 

0 

1.000132 

1 

0.999927 

1 

1.000073 

2 

0.999968 

2 

1.000032 

3 

0.999992 

3 

1.000008 

4 

1.000000 

4 

1.000000 

5 

0.999992 

5 

1.000008 

6 

0.999986 

6 

1.000032 

7 

0.999929 

7 

1.000071 

8 

0.999876 

8 

1.000124 

9 

0.999808 

9 

1.000192 

10 

0  .  999727 

10 

1.000273 

11 

0.999632 

11 

1.000368 

12 

0.999525 

12 

1.000476 

13 

0.999404 

13 

1.000596 

14 

0.999271 

14 

1.000729 

15 

0.999126 

15 

1.000874 

16 

0.998970 

16 

1.001031 

17 

0.998801 

17 

1.001200 

18 

0.998622 

18 

1.001380 

19 

0.998432 

19 

1.001571 

20 

0.998230 

20 

1.001773 

21 

0.998019 

21 

1.001985 

22 

0.997797 

22 

1.002208 

23 

0.997565 

23 

1.002441 

24 

0.997323 

24 

1.002685 

25 

0.997071 

25 

1.002938 

26 

0.996810 

26 

1.003201 

27 

0.996539 

27 

1.003473 

28 

0.996259 

28 

1.003755 

29 

0.995971 

29 

1  .  004046 

30 

0.995673 

30 

1.004346 

31 

0.995367 

31 

.004655 

32 

0.995052 

32 

.004972 

33 

0.994729 

33 

.005299 

34 

0.994398 

34 

.005634 

35 

0.994058 

35 

.005978 

1  According   to   THIESEN,    SCHEEL  and    DIESSELHORST:  Wiss.  Abh.   der 
Physikalisch-Technischen  Reichsanstalt.,  3,  68-69,  1900. 


222 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


DENSITY  OF  SOLUTIONS  OF  SULPHURIC  Acm1  (H2SO4)  AT  20°C.2 
(Calculated  from  Dr.  J.  Domke's  table.3    Adopted  as  the  basis  for  standardi- 
zation of  hydrometers  indicating  per  cent,  of  sulphuric  acid  at  20°C.) 


Per  cent. 
H2S04 

*?c. 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

n20 

z>Tc. 

Per  cent. 
H2S04 

fr. 

0 

0.99823 

30 

1.21850 

60 

1.49818 

1 

1.00506 

31 

1.22669 

61 

1.50904 

2 

1.01178 

32 

1  .  23492 

62 

1.51999 

3 

1.01839 

33 

1  .  24320 

63 

1.53102 

4 

1.02500 

34 

"1.25154 

64 

1.54213 

5 

1.03168 

35 

1  .  25992 

65 

1.55333 

6 

1.03843 

36 

1.26836 

66 

1.56460 

7 

1.04527 

37 

1.27685 

67 

1.57595 

8 

1.05216 

38 

1  .  28543 

68 

1  .  58739 

9 

1.05909 

39 

1.29407 

69 

1  .  59890 

10 

1.06609 

40 

1  .  30278 

70 

1.61048 

11 

1.07314 

41 

1.31157 

71 

1.62213 

12 

1.08026 

42 

1.32043 

72 

1.63384 

13 

1.08744 

43 

1  .  32938 

73 

1.64560 

14 

1.09468 

44 

1.33843 

74 

1  .  65738 

15 

1  .  10199 

45 

1.34759 

75 

1.66917 

16 

1  .  10936 

46 

1.35686 

76 

1  .  68095 

17 

1.11679 

47 

1.36625 

77 

1.69268 

18 

1  .  12428 

48 

1  .  37574 

78 

1.70433 

19 

1  .  13183 

49 

1.38533 

79 

1.71585 

20 

1  .  13943 

50 

1  .  39505 

80 

1.72717 

21 

1.14709 

51 

1  .  40487 

81 

1.73827 

22 

1  .  15480 

52 

1.41481 

82 

1  .  74904 

23 

1  .  16258 

53 

1  .  42487 

83 

1.75943 

24 

1  .  17041 

54 

1.43503 

84 

1.76932 

25 

1  .  17830 

55 

.44530 

85 

1.77860 

26 

1  .  18624 

56 

.  45568 

85.5 

1.78300 

27 

1  .  19423 

57 

.46615 

86 

1  .  78721 

28 

1  .  20227 

58 

.47673 

86.5 

1.79124 

29 

1.21036 

59 

.48740 

87 

1  .  79509 

SULPHURIC  ACID 


223 


DENSITY  OF  SOLUTIONS  OF  SIJLPHURIC  AciD1  (H2SO4)  AT  20°C.2 — (Concluded) 
(Calculated  from  Dr.  J.  Domke's  table.3    Adopted  as  the  basis  for  standardi- 
zation of  hydrometers  indicating  per  cent,  of  sulphuric  acid  at  20°C.) 


Per  cent. 
HZS04 

*?* 

Per  cent. 
HiS04 

*?c. 

Per  cent. 
H2SO4 

*&• 

87.5 

1  .  79875 

93.0 

1.82790 

96.0 

1.83548 

88.0 

1.80223 

93.2 

1.82860 

96.1 

1  .  83560 

88.5 

1.80552 

93.4 

1.82928 

96  2 

1.83572 

89.0 

1.80864 

93.6 

.82993 

96.3 

1.83584 

89.5 

1.81159 

93.8 

.83055 

96.4 

1.83594 

90.0 

.81438 

94.0 

.83115 

96.5 

1.83604 

90.2 

.81545 

94.2 

.83172 

96.6 

1.83613 

90.4 

.81650 

94.4 

.83226 

96.7 

1.83621 

90.6 

.81753 

94.6 

.83276 

96.8 

1.83628 

90.8 

.81853 

94.8 

.83324 

96.9 

1.83634 

91  >0 

1.81950 

95.0 

.83368 

97.0 

1.83637 

91.2 

1.82045 

95.1 

.83389 

97.1 

1.83639 

91.4 

1.82137 

95.2 

.83410 

97.2 

1.83640 

91.6 

1.82227 

95.3 

.83430 

97.3 

1.83640 

91.8 

1.82315 

95.4 

.83449 

97.4 

1.83639 

92.0 

.82401 

95.5 

.83469 

97.5 

1.83637 

92.2 

.82484 

95.6 

.83486 

97.6 

1.83634 

92.4 

.82564 

95.7 

1.83503 

97.7 

1.83629 

92.6 

.82641 

95.8 

1.83520 

97.8 

1.83623 

92.8 

.82717 

95.9 

1.83534 

97.9 

1.83615 

98.0 

1.83605 

1  For  general  use  the  more  extensive  and  elaborate  "Standard  Tables" 
under  the  caption,  " Sulphuric  acid — 0°Be. — 100  per  cent.  H2SO4,"  should 
always  be  referred  to. 

2  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards,  Circular  No.  19,  5th  edition,  March 
30,  1916,  p.  28. 

The  density  values  in  this  table  are  numerically  the  same  as  specific 
gravity  at  this  temperature  referred  to  water  at  4°C.  as  unity. 

3  Wiss.  Abh.  der  Kaiserlichen  Normal-Eichungs-Kommission,  5,  p.  131, 
1900. 


224 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


TEMPERATURE  CORRECTIONS  TO  PER  CENT.  OF  SULPHURIC  AciD1  DETER- 
MINED BY  HYDROMETER  (STANDARD  AT  20°C.)2 

(Calculated  from  the  same  data  as  the  preceding  table,  assuming  Jena  16  m 
glass  as  the  material  used.  The  table  should  be  used  with  caution,  and  only 
for  approximate  results  when  the  temperature  differs  much  from  the  stand- 
ard temperature  or  from  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding  air.) 


Observed 
per  cent. 
H2S04 

j-trni.ptM.ai/uic:  ui  iat;j^j  wo   v^iitJgi  au.f 

0 

5 

10 

15 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

Subtract  from  observed 
per  cent. 

Add  to  observed  per  cent. 

o 

0.16 

0.35 

0.59 

0.86 

1.17 

1.5 

1.9 

2.1 

5 

0.59 

0.49 

0.36 

0.20 

0.24 

0.50 

0.79 

1.11 

1.45 

1.8 

2.2 

2.6 

10 

0.92 

0.72 

0.51 

0.27 

0.29 

0.60 

0.93 

1.28 

1.65 

2.0 

2.4 

2.8 

20 

1.39 

.06 

0.72 

0.36 

0.37 

0.75 

1.14 

1.53 

1.93 

2.3 

2.7 

3.1 

30 

1.64 

.23 

0.82 

0.41 

0.41 

0.82 

1.24 

1.65 

2.07 

2.5 

2.9 

3.3 

40 

1.65 

.24 

0.82 

0.41 

0.41 

0.82 

1.22 

1.62 

2.03 

2.4 

2.8 

3.2 

50 

1.56 

.17 

0.78 

0.39 

0.38 

0.77 

1.15 

1.52 

1.90 

2.3 

2.6 

3.0 

60 

1.52 

.14 

0.76 

0.38 

0.37 

0.74 

1.11 

1.48 

1.84 

2.2 

2.6 

2.9 

70 

1.54 

.15 

0.76 

0.38 

0.38 

0.75 

1.13 

1.50 

1.86 

2.2 

2.6 

3.0 

80 

1.72 

1.30 

0.87 

0.44 

0.45 

0.90 

1.36 

1.83 

2.31 

2.8 

3.3 

3.8 

81 

1.76 

1.34 

0.92 

0.44 

0.47 

0.93 

1.42 

1.93 

2.44 

3.0 

3.5 

4.0 

82 

1.84 

1.41 

0.96 

0.47 

0.50 

1.00 

1.51 

2.04 

2.58 

3.1 

3.7 

4.3 

83 

1.94 

1.48 

.00 

0.50 

0.53 

1.06 

1.59 

2.18 

2.78 

3.4 

4.0 

4.6 

84 

2.05 

1.57 

.06 

0.53 

0.55 

1.12 

1.74 

2.36 

3.0 

3.7 

4.4 

5.1 

85- 

2.20 

1.67 

.13 

0.57 

0.61 

1.23 

1.88 

2.57 

3.3 

4.0 

4.9 

5.8 

86 

2.36 

1.80 

.22 

0.62 

0.66 

1.35 

2.08 

2.84 

3.7 

4.6 

5.5 

87 

2.54 

1.95 

.32 

0.67 

0.73 

1.50 

2.31 

3.2 

4.1 

5.2 

88 

2.75 

2.12 

.44 

0.74 

0.81 

1.67 

2.59 

3.6 

4.7 

6.0 

89 

3.01 

2.31 

.58 

0.82 

0.89 

1.86 

2.91 

4.1 

5.6 

90 

3.27 

2.53 

.73 

0.91 

0.99 

2.10 

3.4 

4.9 

91 

3.57 

2.78 

1.93 

1.01 

1.13 

2.44 

4.1 

92 

3.91 

3.06 

2.13 

1.12 

1.32 

3.00 

93 

4.29 

3.38 

2.37 

1.26 

1.64 

94 

4.75 

3.77 

2.69 

1.46 

95 

5.29 

'4.26 

3.12 

1.76 

96 

5.96 

4.88 

3.65 

2.19 

97 

6.78 

5.68 

4.42 

2.90 

1  For  general  use  the  more  extensive  and  elaborate  " Standard  Tables" 
under  the  caption,  "Sulphuric  acid — 0°Be. — 100  per  cent.  H2SO4, "  should 
always  be  referred  to. 

2  United    States    Bureau    of   Standards,    Circular  No.    19.   5th  edition, 
March  30,  1916,  p.  29. 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  225 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID1 

Table  I. — Lunge,  Isler  and  Naef  (Zeit.  angew.  Chem.  Ind.,  1890, 

15° 
131;  Chem.  Ind.,  1883,  39).     Specific  gravities  at  -JQ-  in  vacuo. 

Table  II. — In  1909  Lunge  publishes  this  table  with  the  follow- 
ing note:  "This  table  is  based  on  that  which  the  author  formerly 
worked  out  with  Isler  and  Naef;  some  corrections  introduced  by 
the  Imperial  Standards  Commission  are  incorporated."  The 
table  appears  under  the  caption  "Specific  gravity  of  sulphuric 
acid  at  60°F."  (No  mention  is  made  to  a  comparison  with  water.) 

The  entire  table  is  not  reproduced  here  as  all  strengths  up  to 
166°  Twaddell  have  the  same  values  as  Table  I. 

Again  in  1913  Lunge  republishes  Table  I  and  no  mention  is 
made  of  his  corrected  table  of  1909. 

NOTE. — The  given  degrees  Baume  in  these  tables  do  not  check 
with  the  American  Standard  Baume  scale.  This  is  the  Baume 
scale  mostly  used  on  the  continent  of  Europe  and  is  calculated 
by  the  following  formula: 

.fi  ..         144.3 

Specific  gravity  -=  144.3  _  degrees  Baume 

Water  at  15°  being  put  =  0°  and  sulphuric  acid  of  1.842 
specific  gravity  at  15°=  66°Be. 

1  These  tables  are  published  very  extensively  but  cannot  be  recommended 
for  general  American  use.  The  more  extensive  and  elaborate  "Standard 
Tables"  should  always  be  referred  to.  These  can  be  found  under  the 
caption  "Sulphuric  acid  -  0°Be\  -  100  per  cent.  H2SO4." 


15 


226  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

TABLE  I. — SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 
Lunge,  Isler,  and  Naef 


Specific  gravity 

at15° 
at  40 

in  vacua 

Degrees 
Baume 

Degrees 
Twaddell 

100  parts  by  weight 
contain,  grams 

1  liter  contains  in 
kilograms 

S03 

H?S04 

S03 

H2SO4 

1.000 

0.0 

0 

0.07 

0.09 

0.001 

0.001 

1.005 

0.7 

1 

0.68 

0.83 

0.007 

0.008 

1.010 

1.4 

2 

1.28 

1.57 

0.013 

0.016 

1.015 

2.1 

3 

1.88 

2.30 

0.019 

0.023 

1.020 

2.7 

4 

2.47 

3.03 

0.025 

0.031 

1.025 

3.4 

5 

3.07 

3.76 

0.032 

0.039 

1.030 

4.1 

6 

3.67 

4.49 

0.038 

0.046 

1.035 

4.7 

7 

4.27 

5.23 

0.044 

0.054 

1.040 

5.4 

8 

4.87 

5.96 

0.051 

0.062 

1.045 

6.0 

9 

5.45 

6.67 

0.057 

0.071 

.050 

6.7 

10 

6.02 

7.37 

0.063 

0.077 

.055 

7.4 

11 

6.59 

8.07 

0.070 

0.085 

.060 

8.0 

12 

7.16 

8.77 

0.076 

0.093 

.065 

8.7 

13 

7.73 

9.47 

0.082 

0.102 

.070 

9.4 

14 

8.32 

10.19 

0.089 

0.109 

.075 

10.0 

15 

8.90 

10.90 

0.096 

0.117 

.080 

10.6 

16 

9.47 

11.60 

0.103 

0.125 

.085 

11.2 

17 

10.04 

12.30 

0.109 

0.133 

1.090 

11.9 

18 

10.60 

12.99 

0.116 

0.142 

1.095 

12.4 

19 

11.16 

13.67 

0.122 

0.150 

1.100 

13.0 

20 

11.71 

14.35 

0.129 

0.158 

1.105 

13.6 

21 

12.27 

15.03 

0.136 

0.166 

1.110 

14.2 

22 

12.82 

15.71 

0.143 

0.175 

1.115 

14.9 

23 

13.36 

16.36 

0.149 

0.183 

1.120 

15.4 

24 

13.89 

17.01 

0.156 

0.191 

.125 

16.0 

25 

14.42 

17.66 

0.162 

0.199 

.130 

16.5 

26 

14.95 

18.31 

0.169 

0.207 

.135 

17.1 

27 

15.48 

18.96 

0.176 

0.215 

.140 

17.7 

28 

16.01 

19.61 

0.183 

0.223 

.145 

18.3 

29 

16.54 

20.26 

.  0.189 

0.231 

.150 

18.8 

30 

17.07 

20.91 

0.196 

0.239 

.155 

19.3 

31 

17.59 

21.55 

0.203 

0.248 

.160 

19.8 

32 

18.11 

22.19 

0.210 

0.257 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  227 

TABLE  I. — SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID — (Continued) 


Specific  gravity 
15° 
at  -50 
in  vacua 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Degrees 
Twaddell 

100  parts  by  weight 
contain,  grams 

1  liter  contains  in 
kilograms 

SOj 

HZS04 

SO, 

HiSO4 

1.165 

20.3 

33 

18.64 

22.83 

0.217 

0.266 

1.170 

20.9 

34 

19.16 

23.47 

0.224 

0.275 

1.175 

21.4 

35 

19.69 

24.12 

0.231 

0.283 

1.180 

22.0 

36 

20.21 

24.76 

0.238 

0.292 

1.185 

22.5 

37 

20.73 

25.40 

0.246 

0.301 

1.190 

23.0 

38 

21.26 

26.04 

0.253 

0.310 

1.195 

23.5 

39 

21.78 

26.68 

0.260 

0.319 

1.200 

24.0 

40 

22.30 

27.32 

0.268 

0.328 

1.205 

24.5 

41 

22.82 

27.95 

0.275 

0.337 

1.210 

25.0 

42 

23.33 

28.58 

0.282 

0.346 

1.215 

25.5 

43 

23.84 

29.21 

0.290 

0.355 

1.220 

26.0 

44 

24.36 

29.84 

0.297 

0.364 

1.225 

26.4 

45 

24.88 

30.48 

0.305 

0.373 

1.230 

26.9 

46 

25.39 

31.11 

0.312 

0.382 

1.235 

27.4 

47 

25.88 

31.70 

0.320 

0.391 

1.240 

27.9 

48 

26.35 

32.28 

0.327 

0.400 

1.245 

28.4 

49 

26.83 

32.86 

0.334 

0.409 

1.250 

28.8 

50 

27.29 

33.43 

0.341 

0.418 

1.255 

29.3 

51 

27.76 

34.00 

0.348 

0.426 

1.260 

29.7 

52 

28.22 

34.57 

0.356 

0.435 

1.265 

30.2 

53 

28.69 

35.14 

0.363 

0.444 

1.270 

30.6 

54 

29.15 

35.71 

0.370 

0.454 

1.275 

31.1 

55 

29.62 

36.29 

0.377 

0.462 

1.280 

31.5 

56 

30.10 

36.87 

0.385 

0.472 

1.285 

32.0 

57 

30.57 

37.45 

0.393 

0.481 

1.290 

32.4 

58 

31.04 

38.03 

0.400 

0.490 

1.295 

32.8 

59 

31.52 

38.61 

0.408 

0.500 

1.300 

33.3 

60 

31.99 

39.19 

0.416 

0.510 

1.305 

33.7 

61 

32.46 

39.77 

0.424 

0.519 

1.310 

34.2 

62 

32.94 

40.35 

0.432 

0.529 

1.315 

34.6 

63 

33.41 

40.93 

0.439 

0.538 

1.320 

35.0 

64 

33.88 

41.50 

0.447 

0.548 

1.325 

35.4 

65 

34.35 

42.08 

0.455 

0.557 

1.330 

35.8 

66 

34.80 

42.66 

0.462 

0.567 

228  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

TABLE  I. — SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID — (Continued) 


Specific  gravity 

-V 

in  vacua 

Degrees 
Baume 

Degrees 
Twaddell 

100  parts  by  weight 
contain,  grams 

1  liter  contains  in 
kilograms 

S03 

H2S04 

S03 

H2SO4 

1.335 

36.2 

67 

35.27 

43.20 

0.471 

0.577 

1.340 

36.6 

68 

35.71 

43.74 

0.479 

0.586 

1.345 

37.0 

69 

36.14 

44.28 

0.486 

0.596 

1.350 

37.4 

70 

36.58 

44.82 

0.494 

0.605 

1.355 

37.8 

71 

37.02 

45.35 

0.502. 

0.614 

1.360 

38.2 

72 

37.45 

45.88 

0.509 

0.624 

1.365 

38.6 

73 

37.89 

46.41 

0.517 

0.633 

1.370 

39.0 

74 

38.32 

46.94 

0.525 

0.643 

1.375 

39.4 

75 

38.75 

47.47 

0.533 

0.653 

1.380 

39.8 

76 

39.18 

48.00 

0.541 

0.662 

1.385 

40.1 

77 

39.62 

48.53 

0.549 

0.672 

1.390 

40.5 

78 

40.05 

49.06        0.557 

0.682 

1.395 

40.8 

79 

40.48 

49.59        0.564 

0.692 

1.400 

41.2 

80 

40.91 

50.11        0.573 

0.702 

1.405 

41.6 

81 

41.33 

50.63        0.581        0.711 

'  1.410 

42.0 

82 

41.76 

51.15        0.589        0.721 

1.415 

42.3 

83 

42.17 

51.66        0.597   '     0.730 

1.420 

42.7 

84 

42.57 

52.15        0.604    ;     0.740 

.425 

43.1 

85 

42.96 

52.63        0.612        0.750 

.430 

43.4 

86 

43.36 

53.11        0.620        0.759 

.435 

43.8 

87 

43.75 

53.59   i     0.628 

0.769 

.440 

44.1 

88 

44.14 

54.07 

0.636 

0.779 

.445 

44.4 

89 

44.53 

54.55 

0.643 

0.789 

.450 

44.8 

90 

44.92 

55.03 

0.651 

0.798 

.455 

45.1 

91 

45.31 

55.50 

0.659 

0.808 

.460 

45.4 

92 

45.69 

55.97 

0.667 

0.817 

.465 

45.8 

93 

46.07 

56.43 

0.675 

0.827 

.470 

46.1 

94 

46.45 

56.90 

0.683 

0.837 

.475 

46.4 

95 

46.83 

57.37 

0.691 

0.846 

.480 

46.8 

96 

47.21 

57.83 

0.699 

0.856 

.485 

47.1 

97 

47.57 

58.28 

0.707 

0.865 

.490               47.4 

98 

47.95 

58.74 

0.715 

0.876 

.495               47.8 

99 

48.34 

59.22 

0.723 

0.885 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  229 

TABLE  I. — SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OP  SULPHURIC  ACID — (Continued) 


Specific  gravity 

at¥ 
in  vacua 

Degrees 
Baume 

Degrees 
Twaddell 

100  parts  by  weight 
contain,  grains 

1  liter  contains  in 

kilograms 

SOi 

HiS04 

SO, 

HZSO« 

.500 

48.1 

100 

48.73 

59.70 

0.731 

0.896 

.505 

48.4 

101 

49.12 

60.18 

0.739 

0.906 

.510 

48.7 

102 

49.51 

60.65 

0.748 

0.916 

.515 

49.0 

103 

49.89 

61.12 

0.756 

0.926 

.520 

49.4 

104 

50.28 

61.59 

0.764 

0.936 

.525 

49.7 

105 

50.66 

62.06 

0.773 

0.946 

.530 

50.0 

106 

51.04 

62.53 

0.781 

0.957 

.535 

50.3 

107 

51.43 

63.00 

0.789 

0.967 

.540 

50.6 

108 

51.78 

63.43 

0.797 

0.977  . 

.545 

50.9 

109 

52.12 

63.85 

0.805 

0.987 

.550 

51.2 

110 

52.46 

64.26 

0.813 

0.996 

.555 

51.5 

111 

52.79 

64.67 

0.821 

.006 

1.560 

51.8 

112 

53.12 

65.08 

0.829 

.015 

1.565 

52.1 

113 

53.46 

65.49 

0.837 

.025 

1.570 

52.4 

114 

53.80 

65.90 

0.845 

.035 

1.575 

52.7 

115 

54.13 

66.30 

0.853 

.044 

1.580 

53.0 

116 

54.46 

66.71 

0.861 

.054 

1.585 

53.3 

117 

54.80 

67.13 

0.869 

.064 

1.590 

53.6 

118 

55.18 

67.59 

0.877 

.075 

1.595 

53.9 

119 

55.55 

68.05 

0.886 

.085 

1.600 

54.1 

120 

55.93 

68.51 

0.895 

.096 

1.605 

54.4 

121 

56.30 

68.97 

0.904 

.107 

1.610 

54.7 

122 

56.68 

69.43 

0.913 

.118 

1.615 

55.0 

123 

57.05 

69.89 

0.921 

.128 

1.620 

55.2 

124 

57.40 

70.32 

0.930 

.139 

1.625 

55.5 

125 

57.75 

70.74 

0.938 

.150 

1.630 

55.8 

126 

58.09 

71.16 

0.947 

.160 

1.635 

56.0 

127 

58.43 

71.57 

0.955 

.170 

1.640 

56.3 

128 

58.77 

71.99 

0.964 

.181 

1.645 

56.6 

129 

59.10 

72.40 

0.972 

.192 

1.650 

56.9 

130 

59.45 

72.82 

0.981 

.202 

1.655 

57.1 

131 

59.78 

73.23 

0.989 

.212 

1.660 

57.4 

132 

60.11 

73.64 

0.998 

.222 

1.665 

57.7 

133 

60.46 

74.07 

1.007 

.233 

230  SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 

TABLE  I. — SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID — (Contin 


Specific  gravity 

at^° 
in  vacua 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Degrees 
Twaddell 

100  parts  by  weight 
contain,  grams 

1  liter  contains  in 
kilograms 

S03 

H2S04 

80s 

H2SO4 

1.670 

57.9 

134 

60.82 

74.51 

1.016 

1.244 

1.675 

58.2 

135 

61.20 

74.97 

1.025 

1.256 

1.680 

58.4 

136 

61.57 

75.42 

1.034 

1.267 

1.685 

58.7 

137 

61.93 

75.86 

.043 

1.278 

1.690 

58.9 

138 

62.29 

76.30 

.053 

.289 

1.695 

59.2 

139 

62.64 

76.73 

.062 

.301 

1.700 

59.5 

140 

63.00 

77.17 

.071 

.312 

1.705 

59.7 

141 

63.35 

77.60 

.080 

.323 

1.710 

60.0 

142 

63.70 

78.04 

.089 

.334 

1.715 

60.2 

143 

64.07 

78.48 

.099 

.346 

1.720 

60.4 

144 

64.43 

78.92 

.108 

.357 

1.725 

60.6 

145 

64.78 

79.36 

.118 

.369 

1.730 

60.9 

146 

65.14 

79.80 

.127 

.381 

1.735 

61.1 

147 

65.50 

80.24 

.136 

.392 

1.740 

61.4 

148 

65.86 

80.68 

.146 

.404 

1.745 

61.6 

149 

66.22 

81.12 

.156 

.416 

1.750 

61.8 

150 

66.58 

81.56 

.165 

1.427 

1.755 

62.1 

151 

66.94 

82.00 

.175 

1.439 

1.760 

62.3 

152 

67.30 

82.44 

.185 

1.451 

1.765 

62.5 

153 

67.65 

82.88 

1.194 

1.463 

1.770 

62.8 

154 

68.02 

83.32 

1.204 

1.475 

1.775 

63.0 

155 

68.49 

83.90 

1.216 

1.489 

1.780 

63.2 

156 

68.98 

84.50 

1.228 

1.504 

1.785 

63.5 

157 

69.47 

85.10 

1.240 

1.519 

1.790 

63.7 

158 

69.96 

85.70 

1.252 

1.534 

1.795 

64.0 

159 

70.45 

86.30 

1.265 

1.549 

1.800 

64.2 

160 

70.94 

86.90 

1.277 

1.564 

1.805 

64.4 

161 

71.50 

87.60 

1.291 

1.581 

1.810 

64.6 

162 

72.08 

88.30 

1.305 

.598 

1.815 

64.8 

163 

72.69 

89.05 

1.319 

.621 

1.820 

65.0 

164 

73.51 

90.05 

1.338 

.639 

1.821 

73.63 

90.20 

1.341 

.643 

1.822 

65.1 

73.80 

90.40 

1.345 

.647 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  231 

TABLE  I. — SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID — (Concluded) 


Specific  gravity 
in  vacua 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Degrees 
'Twaddell 

100  parts  by  weight 
contain,  grams 

1  liter  contains  in 
kilograms 

S03 

H.SO, 

SOa 

HzSOi 

1.823 

73.96 

90.60 

1.348 

1.651 

1.824 

65.2 

.... 

74.12 

90.80 

1.352 

1.656 

1.825 

165 

74.29 

91.00 

1.356 

.661 

1.826 

65.3 

74.49 

91.25 

1.360 

.666 

1.827 

74.69 

91.50 

1.364 

.671 

1.828 

65.4 

.... 

74.86 

91.70 

1.368 

.676 

1.829 
1.830 
1.831 

..... 

166 

75.03 
75.19 
75.35 

91.90 
92.10 
92.30 

1.372 
1.376 
1.380 

.681 
.685 
.690 

65.5 

.832 

75.53 

92.52 

1.384 

.695 

.833 

65.6 

.... 

75.72 

92.75 

.388 

.700 

.834 

75.96 

93.05 

.393 

.706 

.835 

65.7 

167 

76.27 

93.43 

.400 

.713 

.836 

76.57 

93.80 

.406 

.722 

.837 

.... 

76.90 

94.20 

.412 

.730 

.838 

65.8 

77.23 

94.60 

.419 

.739 

.839 

77.55 

95.00 

.426 

.748 

.840 

65.9 

168 

78.04 

95.60 

.436 

.759 

.8405 



78.33 

95.95 

.451 

.765 

.8410 

79.19 

97.00 

.458 

.786 

.8415 

79.76 

97.70 

.469 

.799 

.8410 



.... 

80.16 

98.20 

.476 

.808 

.8405 

80.57 

98.70 

.483 

.816 

.8400 

80.98 

99.20 

.490 

1.825 

.8395 

81.18 

99.45 

.494 

1.830 

.8390 



81.39 

99.70 

.497 

1.834 

.8385 

81.59 

99.95 

.500 

1.838 

232 


SULPHURIC  ACID  HANDBOOK 


ALLOWANCE  FOR  TEMPERATURE 

(Lunge) 

Per  degree  Centigrade 

Up  to  1 . 170  =  0. 0006  specific  gravity 
1.170  to  1.450  =  0.0007  specific  gravity 
1.450  to  1.580  =  0.0008  specific  gravity 
1.580  to  1.750  =  0.0009  specific  gravity 
1.750  to  1.840  =  0.0010  specific  gravity 

TABLE  II. — SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  AT  60°F. 

(Lunge) 


Specific 
gravity 

Degrees 
Twaddell 

100  parts  by  weight  contain 

1  liter  contains  in  kilograms 

SOs 

H2SO4 

SOs 

H2S04 

1.830 

166 

75.19 

92.10 

1.376 

1.685 

1.831 

75.46 

92.43 

1.382 

1.692 

1.832 

75.69 

92.70 

1.386 

1.698 

1.833 

75.89 

92.97 

1.391 

1.704 

1.834 

.  . 

76.12 

93.25 

1.396 

1.710 

1.835 

167 

76.35 

93.56 

1.402 

1.717 

1.836 

76.57 

93.80 

1.405 

1.722 

1.837 

.  .  . 

76.90 

94.20 

1.412 

1.730 

1.838 

77.23 

94.60 

1.419 

1.739 

1.839 

77.55 

95.00 

1.426 

1.748    , 

1.840 

168 

78.04 

95.60 

1.436 

1.759 

1.8405 

78.33 

95.95 

1.441 

1.765 

1.841 

78.69 

96.30 

1.448 

.774 

1.8415 

.  . 

79.47 

97.35 

1.463 

.792 

1.8410 

80.16 

98.20 

1.476 

.808 

1.8405 

80.43 

98.52 

1.481 

.814 

1.8400 

80.59 

98.72 

1.483 

.816 

1.8395 

80.63 

98.77 

1.484 

1.817 

1.8390 

80.93 

99.12 

1.488 

1.823 

1.8385 

81.08 

99.31 

1.490 

1.826 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID 


233 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  FUMING  SULPHURIC  Acio1 
(Knietsch,  Ber.  1901,  p.  4101) 


Per  cent, 
free 
SOi 

Per  cent, 
total 
SO, 

Specific 
gravity 
35°C. 

Per  cent, 
free 
SOj 

Per  cent, 
total 
SO. 

Specific 
gravity 
35°C 

0 

81.63 

1.8186 

52 

91.18 

1.9749 

2 

81.99 

.8270 

54 

91.55 

1.9760 

4 

82.36 

.8360 

56 

91.91 

1.9772  (max.) 

6 

82.73 

.8425 

58 

92.28 

1.9754 

8 

83.09 

.8498 

60 

92.65 

1.9738 

10 

83.46 

.8565 

62 

93.02 

1.9709 

'12 

83.82 

.8627 

64 

93.38 

1.9672 

14 

84.20 

.8692 

66 

93.75 

1.9636 

16 

84.56 

1.8756 

68 

94.11 

1.9600 

18 

84.92 

1.8830 

70 

94.48 

1.9564 

20 

85.30 

1.8919 

72 

94.85 

1  .  9502 

22 

85.66 

1.9020 

74 

95.21 

1  .  9442 

24 

86.03 

1.9092 

76 

95.58 

1.9379 

26 

86.40 

1.9158 

78 

95.95 

1.9315 

28 

86.76 

1.9220 

80 

96.32 

1  .  9251 

30 

87.14 

1.9280 

82 

96.69 

1.9183 

32 

87.50 

1.9338 

84 

97.05 

1.9115 

34 

87.87 

1.9405 

86 

97.45 

1.9046 

36 

88.24 

1.9474 

88 

97.78 

1.8980 

38 

88.60 

1  .  9534 

90 

98.16 

1.8888 

40 

88.97 

1.9584 

92 

98.53 

1.8800 

42 

89.33 

1.9612 

94 

98.90 

1.8712 

44 

89.70 

1.9643 

96 

99.26 

1.8605 

46 

90.07 

1  .  9672 

98 

99.63 

1.8488 

48 

90.41 

1.9702 

100 

100.00 

1.8370 

50 

90.81 

1.9733 

1  For  more  extensive  tables  on  Fuming  sulphuric  acid,  the  tables  of  the 
author  under  the  caption  "Fuming  sulphuric  acid"  are  referred  to. 


INDEX 


Acid  calculations,  86,  89,  96 
methods  of  weighing,  135 
standard,  127 

Acids  in  burner  gas,  test  for,  113 
Allowance  for  temperature,  hydro- 
chloric acid,  52 
nitric  acid,  50 
sulphuric  acid,  57,  60,  67,  71, 

224,  232 

Ammonium  sulphate,  31 
Analysis  of  mixed  acid,  140 

of  nitrated  sulphuric  acid,  140 

of  sulphur  dioxide,  109 

of  sulphuric   acid,   qualitative, 

125 

quantitative,  126,  139 
of  total  acids  in  burner  gas,  113 
Anhydride,  sulphuric,  33 
Anti-freezing  liquids,  178 
Approximate    boiling    points,    sul- 
phuric acid,  55,  67 
Aqueous  vapor,  tension  of,  sulphuric 

acid,  105 

Arbitrary  scale  hydrometers,  5 
Area  of  circles,  155 
Atomic  weights,  1 

B 

Baume*     degrees,     specific     gravity 

equivalents,  11 

corresponding  to  specific  grav- 
ity, 16 


Baume"  hydrometer,  8 

Belting  rules,  177 

Boiling  points,  sulphuric  acid,  55,  67, 

103 

Brick  shapes,  208 
Briggs  pipe  threads,  204 
Burettes,  41,  134 

C 

Calculations,  acid,  24,  86 
Calibration  of  tanks,  148 
Cast-iron  pipe,  194 
Centigrade  scale,  219,  220 
Circles,  circumference  and  area  of, 

155 

Circumferences  of  circles,  155 
Cleanliness  of  hydrometers,  8 
Coefficient  of  expansion,  29 

hydrochloric  acid,  52 

nitric  acid,  50 

sulphuric  acid,  57,  60,  67,  71. 

224,  232 

Comparison   of   metric    and    U.    S. 
Weights,  216 

of    thermometric    scales,    219, 

220 

Composition  of  dry  gas,  123,  124 
Concentration  of  sulphuric  acid,  89 

108 
Conversion  of  density  basis,  3 

of  SO2  to  SO3,  113 
Corrections,  specific  gravity,  2 
Cube  roots  of  numbers,  155 
Cubes  of  numbers,  155 


235 


236 


INDEX 


Decimals  of  a  foot,  173 

of  an  inch,  177 

Degrees    Baume"    corresponding    to 
specific  gravity,  16 

equivalent  specific  gravity  of,  1 1 

Twaddle  corresponding  to  spe- 
cific gravity,  21 
Density,  conversion  of  basis,  3 

definition  of,  1 

hydrometers,  5 

of  sulphuric  acid,  222 

of  water,  221 

Description  of  preparation  of  stand- 
ard acid  tables,  27 
Dilution  of  sulphuric  acid,  89 
Diphenylamine  test,  125 
Du  Pont  nitrometer,  144 


K 


Elements,  names  of,  1 

symbols  of,  1 
Equivalents  of  Baume"  degrees  and 

specific  gravity,  11,  16 
of  Metric  and  U.  S.  weights,  216 
of  Twaddle  degrees  and  specific 

gravity,  21 
Estimating  acid  stock,  86 


Formulas  for  sulphuric  acid  calcula- 
tions, 24,  89 
Freezing  points,  sulphuric  acid,  55. 

63 
Fuming  sulphuric  acid,  23,  71 

for  strengthening  mixed  acid,  97 
methods  of  weighing,  135 
specific  gravity  of,  72,  73,  233 
tables,  72,  73,  74,  76,  79,  233 


Gages,  pressure  and  suction,  178 
Gas,  composition  of,  123,  124 
Glass  bulb  method,  136 
tube  method,  136 


II 


Hitches,  rope,  210 
Hydrochloric    acid,    allowance 
temperature,  52 

specific  gravity  of,  51 

table,  51 

preparation  of,  44 
Hydrogen  sulphide  test,  126 
Hydrometers,  2,  5 

Baum6,  8 

manipulation  of,  5 

Twaddle,  20 


for 


Fahrenheit  scale,  219,  220 
Ferrous  sulphate  method,  125,  148 
Fibre  rope  knots  and  hitches,  210 
Fittings,  flanged,  180 

screwed,  202 
Flanged  fittings,  180 
Flanges,  180 
Formation  of  mixed  acid,  96 


Indicator  solution,   preparation  of, 
135 

Influence    of    temperature,    hydro- 
meters, 6 

of  surface  tension,  hydrometers, 
7 

International  atomic  weights,  1 

Iodine  solution,  preparation  of,  111 


INDEX 


237 


Iron,  analysis  of,  in  sulphuric  acid, 
126,  140 


K 


Knots,  rope,  210 


Lead,  analysis  of,  in  sulphuric  acid, 
125,  139 

pipe,  206 

sheet,  207 

Lock-nut  threads,  204 
Lunge-Rey  pipette,  135 


M 


Manipulation  of  hydrometers,  5 
Marsh  test,  126 
Mathematical  table,  155 
Measures,  Weights  and,  213 
Melting  points,  sulphuric  acid,  55, 

63,  103 
Metallic  sulphides,  gas  composition 

from  roasting,  123 
Methyl  orange  solution,  preparation 

of,  108 

Metric  measures,  214 
Mixed  acid,  23 

analysis  of,  140 
formation  of,  96 
Mixing    table,     59°    Be    Sulphuric 

acid,  94 

60°  Be  Sulphuric  acid,  95 
66°  Be"  Sulphuric  acid,  96 
Mohr,  specific  gravity  balance,  1 
Mono-hydrate,  23,  32 

preparation  of,  108 
Muriatic  acid,  see  Hydrochloric  add. 


N 

Names  of  flanged  fittings,  182 
Nitric  acid,  allowance  for  tempera- 
ture, 50 

specific  gravity  of,  49 

table,  49 

preparation  of,  41 

Nitrogen  acids,  analysis  of,  in  sul- 
phuric acid,  125,  140 
Nitrometer,  Du  Pont,  144 
Nomenclature  of  sulphuric  acid,  22 
Nordhausen  oil  of  vitriol,  23 


Observing  hydrometer  readings,  5 
Oil  of  Vitriol,  22 

Nordhausen,  23 
Oleum,  23 


Per  cent,  hydrometers,  5 

Per  cent.  SO3  corresponding  to  per 

cent.  H2SO4,  85 
H2SO4    corresponding    to    per 

cent.  SO3,  86 

Phenolphthalein    solution,   prepara- 
tion of,  135 
Pipe,  cast-iron,  194 
lead,  206 
steel,  197 
threads,  204 
wrought-iron,  197 
Preparation  of  standard  acid  tables, 

description  of,  27 
Pressure  gages,  178 
Pycnometer,  1 

Q 

Qualitative  tests,  sulphuric  acid,  125 
Quantitative      analysis,      sulphuric 
acid,  126,  139 


238 


INDEX 


R 


Rectangle  method  for  dilution  and 

concentration,  91 
Rope  Knots  and  Hitches,  210 
Rules,  belting,  177 


Sartorius  specific  gravity  balance,  1 
Scales,  thermometric,  219 
Screwed  fittings,  202 
Selenium,  test  for,  in  sulphuric  acid, 

125 

Shapes,  brick,  208 
Sheet  lead,  207 
SO2  converted  to  SO3,  113 
Sodium  carbonate,  30,  31,  34,  127 
hydroxide     solution,    standard, 

39,  131 

sulphite  test,  125 
Specific  gravity,  balances,  1 
corrections,  2 
corresponding        to        degrees 

Baume,  11 

to  degrees  Twaddle,  21 
definition  of,  1 

determinations    in    preparation 
of  standard  acid  tables,  28 
equivalent  degrees  Baume,  16 
hydrometers,  5 
methods  of  determining,  1 
of  hydrochloric  acid,  51 
of  nitric  acid,  49 
of  sulphuric  acid,  54,  60,  62,  68, 

72,  73,  222,  225 
tables,  use  of,  86 
test,  sulphuric  acid,  76.07-82.5 

per  cent.  SO3,  81 
Square  roots  of  numbers,  155 
Squares  of  numbers,  155 


Standard    acid    tables,    preparation 

of,  27 

normal  acid,  127 
sodium  hydroxide,  39,  131 
solutions,    protecting    strength 

of,  133 

observing  temperature  of,  134 
Standardization  of    standard  acid, 

128 
of  standard  sodium  hydroxide, 

131 

Starch  solution,  preparation  of,  111 
Steel  pipe,  197 
Stock,  estimation  of,  86 
Storage  tanks,  calibration  of,  148 
Suction  gages,  178 
Sulphanilic  acid,  33 
Sulphides,  metallic,  gas  composition 

from  roasting,  123 
Sulphur,   acid  obtainable  from   100 

lb.,  108 
dioxide,  estimation  of  in  burner 

gas,  109 
estimation    of    in    sulphuric 

acid,  138 

gas  composition  from  combus- 
tion of,  124 
required  to  make  100  lb.  acid, 

109 
trioxide,    obtainable   from    100 

lb.,  109 

preparation  of,  33 

Sulphuric  acid,  allowance  for  tem- 
perature, 57,  60,  67,  71, 
224,  232 

boiling  points,  55,  67,  107 
coefficients  of  expansion,  57,  60, 

67,  71,  224,  232 
concentration  of,  89,  108 
density  of,  222 
dilution  of,  89 


INDEX 


239 


Sulphuric     acid,     examination    for 

arsenic,  126 
for  iron,  126,  140 
for  lead,  125,  139 
for  nitrogen  acids,  125 
for  selenium,  125 
for  zinc,  140 

freezing  points,  55,  63,  103 
fuming,  23,  71 

for  strengthening  mixed  acid, 

97 

methods  of  weighing,  135 
specific  gravity  of,  72,  73,  233 
tables,  72,  73,  74,  76,  79,  233 
mixing  59°  Be.,  table  for,  94 
60°  Be\,  table  for,  95 
66°  Be\,  table  for,  96 
monohydrate,  23,  32,  108 
nitrated,  analysis  of,  140 
nomenclature  of,  22 
obtainable  from  100  Ib.  sulphur, 

108 

from  100  Ibs.  SO3,  109 
per  cent.  SO3  corresponding  to 

per  cent.  H2SO4,  85 
H2SO4  corresponding  to  per 

cent.  SO  3,  86 
qualitative  tests  of,  125 
quantitative  analysis  of,  126 
specific  gravity  of,  54-,  60,  62, 

68,  72,  73,  222,  225 
test     76.07-82.5     per     cent. 

SO3,  81 

strength  for   equilibrium   with 

atmospheric  moisture,  107 

sulphur  required  to  make  100 

Ib.,  109 
tables,  54,  60,  61,  68,  225 

standard,  preparation  of,  46 
tension  of  aqueous  vapor,  105 
Sulphuric  anhydride,  23 
Symbols  of  elements,  1 


Tanks,  calibration  of,  148 
Temperature      correction,      hydro- 
chloric acid,  52 
nitric  acid,  50 
specific  gravity,  2 
sulphuric  acid,  57,  60,  67,  71, 

224,  232 

Templates  for  drilling,  183,  192 
Tension  of  aqueous  vapor,  sulphuric 

acid,  105 
Theoretical  composition  of  dry  gas, 

123,  124 

Thermo-hydrometers,  5 
Thermometric  scales,  219,  220 
Threads,  pipe  and  lock-nut,  204 
Titrating  vessels,  134 
Titration  of  acid,  137 
Total  acids  in  burner  gas,  test  for, 

113 
Twaddle  hydrometer,  20 

degrees   corresponding    to   spe- 
cific gravity,  21 

U 

Use  of  specific  gravity  tables,  86 
V 

Vitriol,  oil  of,  22 
Volume,  of  water,  221 

W 

Water,  density  and  volume  of,  221 
Weighing  acid,  methods  of,  135 
Weights  and  measures,  213 
Westphal  specific  gravity  balance,  1 
Wrought-iron  pipe,  197 


Zinc,  analysis  of,  in  sulphuric  acid, 
140 


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